一文带你掌握C++中的继承

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
public:
	void Print()
	{
		cout << "name:" << _name << endl;
		cout << "age:" << _age << endl;
	}
protected:
	string _name = "peter"; // 姓名
	int _age = 18; // 年龄
};
// 继承后父类的Person的成员（成员函数+成员变量）都会变成子类的一部分。这里体现出了
//Student和Teacher复用了Person的成员。
class Student : public Person
{
protected:
	int _stuid; // 学号
};
 
class Teacher : public Person
{
protected:
	int _jobid; // 工号
};
int main()
{
	Student s;
	Teacher t;
	s.Print();
	t.Print();
	return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Person
{
protected:
	string _name; // 姓名
	string _sex; // 性别
	int _age; // 年龄
};
class Student : public Person
{
public:
	int _No; // 学号
};
void Test()
{
	Student sobj;
	// 1.子类对象可以赋值给父类对象/指针/引用
	Person pobj = sobj;
	Person* pp = &sobj;
	Person& rp = sobj;
 
	//2.基类对象不能赋值给派生类对象
	//sobj = pobj;
	
	// 3.基类的指针可以通过强制类型转换赋值给派生类的指针
	pp = &sobj;
	Student * ps1 = (Student*)pp; // 这种情况转换时可以的。
	ps1->_No = 10;
	pp = &pobj;
	Student* ps2 = (Student*)pp; // 这种情况转换时虽然可以，但是会存在越界访问的问题
	ps2->_No = 10;
}

// Student的_num和Person的_num构成隐藏关系，可以看出这样代码虽然能跑，但是非常容易混淆
class Person
{
protected:
	string _name = "小李子"; // 姓名
	int _num = 111; // 身份证号
};
class Student : public Person
{
public:
	void Print()
	{
		cout << " 姓名:" << _name << endl;
		cout << " 身份证号:" << Person::_num << endl;
		cout << " 学号:" << _num << endl;
	}
protected:
	int _num = 999; // 学号
};
void Test1()
{
	Student s1;
	s1.Print();
};
 
// B中的fun和A中的fun不是构成重载，因为不是在同一作用域
// B中的fun和A中的fun构成隐藏，成员函数满足函数名相同就构成隐藏。
class A
{
public:
	void fun()
	{
		cout << "func()" << endl;
	}
};
class B : public A
{
public:
	void fun(int i)
	{
		A::fun();
		cout << "func(int i)->" << i << endl;
	}
};
void Test2()
{
	B b;
	b.fun(10);
};
int main()
{
	Test1();
	Test2();
	return 0;
}

class Person
{
public:
	Person(const char* name = "peter"): _name(name)
	{
		cout << "Person()" << endl;
	}
 
	Person(const Person& p)	: _name(p._name)
	{
		cout << "Person(const Person& p)" << endl;
	}
 
	Person& operator=(const Person & p)
	{
		cout << "Person operator=(const Person& p)" << endl;
		if (this != &p)
		{
			_name = p._name;
		}
		return *this;
	}
 
	~Person()
	{
		cout << "~Person()" << endl;
	}
 
protected:
	string _name; // 姓名
};
class Student : public Person
{
public:
	Student(const char* name, int num): Person(name), _num(num)
	{
		cout << "Student()" << endl;
	}
 
	//派生类的拷贝构造函数必须调用基类的拷贝构造完成基类的拷贝初始化
	Student(const Student& s): Person(s), _num(s._num)
	{
		cout << "Student(const Student& s)" << endl;
	}
 
	//派生类的operator=必须要调用基类的operator=完成基类的复制
	Student& operator = (const Student& s)
	{
		cout << "Student& operator= (const Student& s)" << endl;
		if (this != &s)
		{
			Person::operator =(s);
			_num = s._num;
		}
		return *this;
	}
 
	~Student()
	{
		cout << "~Student()" << endl;
	}
 
protected:
	int _num; //学号
};
void Test()
{
	Student s1("jack", 18); 
	Student s2(s1);
	Student s3("rose", 17);
	s1 = s3;
}
 
int main()
{
	Test();
	return 0;
}

class Person
{
public:
	Person() 
	{
		++_count;
	}
protected:
	string _name; // 姓名
public:
	static int _count; // 统计人的个数。
};
int Person::_count = 0;
 
class Student : public Person
{
protected:
	int _stuNum; // 学号
};
class Graduate : public Student
{
protected:
	string _seminarCourse; // 研究科目
};
void TestPerson()
{
	Student s1;
	Student s2;
	Student s3;
	Graduate s4;
	cout << " 人数 :" << Person::_count << endl;
	Student::_count = 0;
	cout << " 人数 :" << Person::_count << endl;
}
 
 
int main()
{
	TestPerson();
	return 0;
}

class Person
{
public:
	string _name; // 姓名
};
 
class Student : virtual public Person
{
protected:
	int _num; //学号
};
 
class Teacher : virtual public Person
{
protected:
	int _id; // 职工编号
};
 
class Assistant : public Student, public Teacher
{
protected:
	string _majorCourse; // 主修课程
};
 
void Test()
{
	Assistant a;
	a._name = "peter";
}
 
int main()
{
	Test();
	return 0;
}

class A
{
public:
	int _a;
};
// class B : public A
class B : virtual public A
{
public:
	int _b;
};
// class C : public A
class C : virtual public A
{
public:
	int _c;
};
class D : public B, public C
{
public:
	int _d;
};
int main()
{
	D d;
	d.B::_a = 1;
	d.C::_a = 2;
	d._b = 3;
	d._c = 4;
	d._d = 5;
	return 0;
}