深入了解TypeScript中常用类型的使用

let obj: any = { x: 0 };
// None of the following lines of code will throw compiler errors.
// Using `any` disables all further type checking, and it is assumed 
// you know the environment better than TypeScript.
obj.foo();
obj();
obj.bar = 100;
obj = "hello";
const n: number = obj;

let myName: string = "Alice";

// No type annotation needed -- 'myName' inferred as type 'string'
let myName = "Alice";

// Parameter type annotation
function greet(name: string) {
  console.log("Hello, " + name.toUpperCase() + "!!");
}

// Would be a runtime error if executed!
greet(42);

function getFavoriteNumber(): number {
  return 26;
}

// No type annotations here, but TypeScript can spot the bug
const names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Eve"];
 
// Contextual typing for function
names.forEach(function (s) {
  console.log(s.toUppercase()); // 被string[]类型的数组调用，自动推导为string类型
 // Property 'toUppercase' does not exist on type 'string'. Did you mean 'toUpperCase'?
});
 
// Contextual typing also applies to arrow functions
names.forEach((s) => {
  console.log(s.toUppercase()); // 被string[]类型的数组调用，自动推导为string类型
 // Property 'toUppercase' does not exist on type 'string'. Did you mean 'toUpperCase'?
});

// The parameter's type annotation is an object type
function printCoord(pt: { x: number; y: number }) {
  console.log("The coordinate's x value is " + pt.x);
  console.log("The coordinate's y value is " + pt.y);
}
printCoord({ x: 3, y: 7 });

function printName(obj: { first: string; last?: string }) {
  // ...
}
// Both OK
printName({ first: "Bob" });
printName({ first: "Alice", last: "Alisson" });

function printName(obj: { first: string; last?: string }) {
  // Error - might crash if 'obj.last' wasn't provided!
  console.log(obj.last.toUpperCase());
  //Object is possibly 'undefined'.
  if (obj.last !== undefined) {
    // OK
    console.log(obj.last.toUpperCase());
  }
 
  // A safe alternative using modern JavaScript syntax:
  console.log(obj.last?.toUpperCase());
}

function printId(id: number | string) {
  console.log("Your ID is: " + id);
}
// OK
printId(101);
// OK
printId("202");
// Error
printId({ myID: 22342 });
// Argument of type '{ myID: number; }' is not assignable to parameter of type 'string | number'.

function printId(id: number | string) {
  console.log(id.toUpperCase());
  // Property 'toUpperCase' does not exist on type 'string | number'.
  // Property 'toUpperCase' does not exist on type 'number'.
}

function printId(id: number | string) {
  if (typeof id === "string") {
    // In this branch, id is of type 'string'
    console.log(id.toUpperCase());
  } else {
    // Here, id is of type 'number'
    console.log(id);
  }
}

function welcomePeople(x: string[] | string) {
  if (Array.isArray(x)) {
    // Here: 'x' is 'string[]'
    console.log("Hello, " + x.join(" and "));
  } else {
    // Here: 'x' is 'string'
    console.log("Welcome lone traveler " + x);
  }
}

// Return type is inferred as number[] | string
function getFirstThree(x: number[] | string) {
  return x.slice(0, 3);
}

type Point = {
  x: number;
  y: number;
};
 
// Exactly the same as the earlier example
function printCoord(pt: Point) {
  console.log("The coordinate's x value is " + pt.x);
  console.log("The coordinate's y value is " + pt.y);
}
 
printCoord({ x: 100, y: 100 });

type ID = number | string;

type UserInputSanitizedString = string;
 
function sanitizeInput(str: string): UserInputSanitizedString {
  return sanitize(str);
}
 
// Create a sanitized input
let userInput = sanitizeInput(getInput());
 
// Can still be re-assigned with a string though
userInput = "new input";

interface Point {
  x: number;
  y: number;
}
 
function printCoord(pt: Point) {
  console.log("The coordinate's x value is " + pt.x);
  console.log("The coordinate's y value is " + pt.y);
}
 
printCoord({ x: 100, y: 100 });

// Extending an interface
interface Animal {
  name: string
}

interface Bear extends Animal {
  honey: boolean
}

const bear = getBear() 
bear.name
bear.honey





// Extending a type via intersections
type Animal = {
  name: string
}

type Bear = Animal & { 
  honey: boolean 
}

const bear = getBear();
bear.name;
bear.honey;

// Adding new fields to an existing interface
interface Window {
  title: string
}

interface Window {
  ts: TypeScriptAPI
}

const src = 'const a = "Hello World"';
window.ts.transpileModule(src, {});





// A type cannot be changed after being created
type Window = {
  title: string
}

type Window = {
  ts: TypeScriptAPI
}

 // Error: Duplicate identifier 'Window'.

const myCanvas = document.getElementById("main_canvas") as HTMLCanvasElement;

const myCanvas = <HTMLCanvasElement>document.getElementById("main_canvas");

const x = "hello" as number;
// Conversion of type 'string' to type 'number' may be a mistake because neither type sufficiently overlaps with the other. If this was intentional, convert the expression to 'unknown' first.

type Bob = {
  weight: number;
};

type Lucy = {
  weight: number;
  height: number;
};

type John = {};

const humanA: Bob = { weight: 0 };

const humanB = humanA as Lucy;  // 对于Bob来说，Lucy更宽
const humanC = humanA as John;  // 对于Bob来说，John更窄

let changingString = "Hello World";
changingString = "Olá Mundo"; // 类型是string
// Because `changingString` can represent any possible string, that
// is how TypeScript describes it in the type system

 
const constantString = "Hello World"; //类型是 "Hello World"
// Because `constantString` can only represent 1 possible string, it
// has a literal type representation
constantString;

let x: "hello" = "hello";
// OK
x = "hello";
// ...
x = "howdy";
// Type '"howdy"' is not assignable to type '"hello"'.

function printText(s: string, alignment: "left" | "right" | "center") {
  // ...
}
printText("Hello, world", "left");
printText("G'day, mate", "centre");
// Argument of type '"centre"' is not assignable to parameter of type '"left" | "right" | "center"'.

function compare(a: string, b: string): -1 | 0 | 1 {
  return a === b ? 0 : a > b ? 1 : -1;
}

nterface Options {
  width: number;
}
// 参数和不是字面量的类型结合使用
function configure(x: Options | "auto") {
  // ...
}
configure({ width: 100 });
configure("auto");
configure("automatic");
// Argument of type '"automatic"' is not assignable to parameter of type 'Options | "auto"'.

const obj = { counter: 0 };
if (someCondition) {
  obj.counter = 1;
}

const req = { url: "https://example.com", method: "GET" };
handleRequest(req.url, req.method);
// Argument of type 'string' is not assignable to parameter of type '"GET" | "POST"'.

// Change 1:
const req = { url: "https://example.com", method: "GET" as "GET" };
// Change 2
handleRequest(req.url, req.method as "GET");

const req = { url: "https://example.com", method: "GET" } as const;
handleRequest(req.url, req.method);

// Creating a bigint via the BigInt function
const oneHundred: bigint = BigInt(100);
 
// Creating a BigInt via the literal syntax
const anotherHundred: bigint = 100n;

// Creating a bigint via the BigInt function
const oneHundred: bigint = BigInt(100);
 
// Creating a BigInt via the literal syntax
const anotherHundred: bigint = 100n;