Android开发Jetpack组件Lifecycle使用篇
作者:Android技术栈
1.为什么需要Lifecycle
在应用开发中,处理Activity或者Fragment组件的生命周期相关代码是必不可免的; 官方文档中举了一个例子,这里简化一下,在Activity中写一个监听,在Activity的不同生命周期方法中调用这个监听
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { private MyListener myListener; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); myListener = new MyListener(MainActivity.this); } @Override protected void onStart() { super.onStart(); myListener.start(); } @Override protected void onStop() { super.onStop(); myListener.stop(); } } class MyListener { public MyListener(Context context) { ... } void start() { ... } void stop() { ... } }
再举个MVP中常见的情况,如下所示。
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { private MyPresenter myPresenter; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); myPresenter = new MyPresenter(); } @Override protected void onResume() { super.onResume(); myPresenter.onResume(); } @Override protected void onPause() { super.onPause(); myPresenter.onPause(); } } class MyPresenter{ void onResume() { ... } void onPause() { ... } }
这两个例子的写法已经很普遍了,实现起来也不难; 但实际开发中,可能会有多个组件在Activity的生命周期中进行回调; 这样Activity的生命周期的方法中可能就需要放大量的代码,这就使得它们难以维护
还有一个问题是,如果我们在组件中做了耗时操作(比如在onStart方法),这种写法就无法保证组件在Activity或者Fragment停止之前完成启动
因此我们需要一个能管理Activity和Fragment的生命周期的库,这个库就是Lifecycle
2.如何使用Lifecycle
分别来介绍下依赖Lifecycle库和Lifecycle基本用法
2.1 依赖Lifecycle库
官网给出的依赖代码如下所示:
dependencies {
def lifecycle_version = "2.0.0"// ViewModel and LiveData
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-extensions:$lifecycle_version"
// alternatively - just ViewModel
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel:$lifecycle_version" // For Kotlin use lifecycle-viewmodel-ktx
// alternatively - just LiveData
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-livedata:$lifecycle_version"
// alternatively - Lifecycles only (no ViewModel or LiveData). Some UI
// AndroidX libraries use this lightweight import for Lifecycle
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-runtime:$lifecycle_version"annotationProcessor "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-compiler:$lifecycle_version" // For Kotlin use kapt instead of annotationProcessor
// alternately - if using Java8, use the following instead of lifecycle-compiler
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-common-java8:$lifecycle_version"// optional - ReactiveStreams support for LiveData
implementation "androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-reactivestreams:$lifecycle_version" // For Kotlin use lifecycle-reactivestreams-ktx// optional - Test helpers for LiveData
testImplementation "androidx.arch.core:core-testing:$lifecycle_version"
}
官网用的是AndroidX,因为使用AndroidX,可能会产生一些迁移的问题,这里的举例就不使用AndroidX,而是使用lifecycleandroid.arch.lifecycle库,如下所示。
dependencies {
def lifecycle_version = "1.1.1"// 包含ViewModel和LiveData
implementation "android.arch.lifecycle:extensions:$lifecycle_version"
// 仅仅包含ViewModel
implementation "android.arch.lifecycle:viewmodel:$lifecycle_version" // For Kotlin use viewmodel-ktx
// 仅仅包含LiveData
implementation "android.arch.lifecycle:livedata:$lifecycle_version"
// 仅仅包含Lifecycles
implementation "android.arch.lifecycle:runtime:$lifecycle_version"annotationProcessor "android.arch.lifecycle:compiler:$lifecycle_version" // For Kotlin use kapt instead of annotationProcessor
// 如果用Java8, 用于替代compiler
implementation "android.arch.lifecycle:common-java8:$lifecycle_version"// 可选,ReactiveStreams对LiveData的支持
implementation "android.arch.lifecycle:reactivestreams:$lifecycle_version"// 可选,LiveData的测试
testImplementation "android.arch.core:core-testing:$lifecycle_version"
}
实际上我们不需要全部把这些代码全写进build.gralde进去(当然全写进去也不会有什么错),因为Gradle默认是支持依赖传递的, 我们直接添加如下依赖就可以满足日常的工作,如果缺少哪个库,再去单独添加就好了。
implementation "android.arch.lifecycle:extensions:1.1.1"
添加这一句代码就依赖了如下的库。
2.2 Lifecycle基本用法
先不谈Activity和Fragment中如何使用,先举一个Lifecycle的简单例子。
public class MyObserver implements LifecycleObserver { @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME) public void connectListener() { ... } @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE) public void disconnectListener() { ... } } myLifecycleOwner.getLifecycle().addObserver(new MyObserver());//1
新建一个MyObserver类,它实现了LifecycleObserver接口,说明MyObserver成为了一个Lifecycle的观察者。 然后在注释1处将MyObserver添加到LifecycleOwner中。LifecycleOwner是一个接口,其内部只有一个方法getLifecycle(),getLifecycle方法用于获取Lifecycle,这样就可以将MyObserver添加到Lifecycle中,当Lifecycle的生命周期发生变化时,MyObserver就会观察到,或者说是感知到。
如果使用是Java8 ,那么可以使用DefaultLifecycleObserver来替代LifecycleObserver:
class MyObserver implements DefaultLifecycleObserver { @Override public void onCreate(LifecycleOwner owner) { ... } }
除此之外,不要忘了在build.gradle添加 "androidx.lifecycle:common-java8:<version>"
3.Lifecycle应用举例
应用举例准备两个示例,一个是在Activity中使用,一个是在第一小节的MVP例子上进行改进。
3.1 Activity中使用
package com.example.lifecycledemo1; import android.arch.lifecycle.Lifecycle; import android.arch.lifecycle.LifecycleObserver; import android.arch.lifecycle.OnLifecycleEvent; import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity; import android.os.Bundle; import android.util.Log; public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { private static final String TAG = "MainActivity"; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); getLifecycle().addObserver(new MyObserver());//1 } public class MyObserver implements LifecycleObserver{ @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME) void onResume(){ Log.d(TAG, "Lifecycle call onResume"); } @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE) void onPause(){ Log.d(TAG, "Lifecycle call onPause"); } } @Override protected void onResume() { super.onResume(); Log.d(TAG, "onResume"); } @Override protected void onPause() { super.onPause(); Log.d(TAG, "onPause"); } }
先实现MyObserver,对ON_CREATE和ON_RESUME事件进行监听。因为在Android Support Library 26.1.0 及其之后的版本,Activity和Fragment已经默认实现了LifecycleOwner接口,所以在注释1处可以直接使用getLifecycle方法获取Lifecycle对象,这样MyObserver就可以观察MainActivity的生命周期变化了
LifecycleOwner可以理解为被观察者,MainActivity默认实现了LifecycleOwner接口,也就是说MainActivity是被观察者
运行程序,打印的log如下所示
D/MainActivity: onResume
D/MainActivity: Lifecycle call onResume
D/MainActivity: Lifecycle call onPause
D/MainActivity: onPause
只要在MainActivity的onCreate方法中添加MyObserver,那么MyObserver就可以观察到MainActivity的各个生命周期的变化
3.2 MVP中使用
改写第一小节MVP的例子,先实现MyPresenter,如下所示
public class MyPresenter implements IPresenter { private static final String TAG = "test"; @Override public void onResume() { Log.d(TAG, "Lifecycle call onResume"); } @Override public void onPause() { Log.d(TAG, "Lifecycle call onPause"); } } interface IPresenter extends LifecycleObserver { @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME) void onResume(); @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE) void onPause(); }
IPresenter接口继承自LifecycleObserver接口,MyPresenter又实现了IPresenter接口,这样MyPresenter成为了一个观察者。 接在在MainActivity中加入MyPresenter:
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { private static final String TAG = "test"; private IPresenter mPresenter; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); mPresenter = new MyPresenter(); getLifecycle().addObserver(mPresenter); } @Override protected void onResume() { super.onResume(); Log.d(TAG, "onResume"); } @Override protected void onPause() { super.onPause(); Log.d(TAG, "onPause"); } }
MainActivity成为了被观察者,当它的生命周期发生变化时,MyPresenter就可以观察到,这样就不需要在MainActivity的多个生命周期方法中调用MyPresenter的方法了
打印的日志如下:
D/test: onResume
D/test: Lifecycle call onResume
D/test: Lifecycle call onPause
D/test: onPause
4.自定义LifecycleOwner
如果想实现自定义LifecycleOwner,可以使用LifecycleRegistry,它是Lifecycle的实现类。Android Support Library 26.1.0及其之后的版本,Activity和Fragment已经默认实现了LifecycleOwner接口,因此我们可以这么写:
import android.arch.lifecycle.Lifecycle; import android.arch.lifecycle.LifecycleRegistry; import android.support.annotation.NonNull; import android.support.v7.app.AppCompatActivity; import android.os.Bundle; public class MyActivity extends AppCompatActivity { private LifecycleRegistry lifecycleRegistry; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); lifecycleRegistry = new LifecycleRegistry(this); lifecycleRegistry.markState(Lifecycle.State.CREATED); } @Override public void onStart() { super.onStart(); lifecycleRegistry.markState(Lifecycle.State.STARTED); } @NonNull @Override public Lifecycle getLifecycle() { return lifecycleRegistry; } }
通过新建LifecycleRegistry,为LifecycleRegistry设置Lifecycle的各种状态,并通过getLifecycle方法返回该LifecycleRegistry。
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