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Nginx使用Keepalived部署web集群（高可用高性能负载均衡）实战案例

2025-05-17 15:27:09 作者：Wan@Technology Stack

本文介绍Nginx+Keepalived实现Web集群高可用负载均衡的部署与测试,涵盖架构设计、环境配置、健康检查、故障切换及VIP漂移验证,确保服务高可用性与性能

前言

Keepalived 作为一个高性能的集群高可用解决方案。提供了集群节点心跳检测、健康检查以及故障切换的功能。原生支持 LVS 负载均衡集群。除了原生支持的LVS + Keepalived 外，现在 Nginx + Keepalived 也比较常用。接下来，我将详细介绍 Nginx + Keepalived。

一、架构设计

负载均衡方案系统架构拓扑图

二、环境准备

role	host	ip	software installed	OS
Nginx proxy、Keepalive MASTER	node01	192.168.5.11	Nginx-1.10.0、keepalived	Centos 7.8
Nginx proxy、Keepalive BACKUP	node02	192.168.5.12	Nginx-1.10.0、keepalived	Centos 7.8
nginx web server1	node03	192.168.5.13	Nginx-1.18.0	Centos 7.8
nginx web server1	node04	192.168.5.14	Nginx-1.18.0	Centos 7.8
Client	node05	192.168.5.15	----	Centos 7.8

三、案例部署

配置前端 Keepalived

---node01
[root@node01 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   notification_email {
     acassen@firewall.loc
     failover@firewall.loc
     sysadmin@firewall.loc
   }
   notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc
   smtp_server 192.168.5.10
   smtp_connect_timeout 30
   router_id LVS_DEVEL1
}
vrrp_script check_nginx_service {
   script "/etc/keepalived/check_web_server_keepalive.sh"
   #script "killall -0 nginx"
   interval 2
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state MASTER
    interface ens33
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 200
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    track_script {
       check_nginx_service
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.5.100
    }
}

[root@node01 ~]# systemctl restart keepalived.service



---node02
! Configuration File for keepalived

global_defs {
   notification_email {
     acassen@firewall.loc
     failover@firewall.loc
     sysadmin@firewall.loc
   }
   notification_email_from Alexandre.Cassen@firewall.loc
   smtp_server 192.168.5.10
   smtp_connect_timeout 30
   router_id LVS_DEVEL2
}
vrrp_script check_nginx_service {
   script "/etc/keepalived/check_web_server_keepalive.sh"
   #script "killall -0 nginx"
   interval 2
}

vrrp_instance VI_1 {
    state BACKUP
    interface ens33
    virtual_router_id 51
    priority 100
    advert_int 1
    authentication {
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass 1111
    }
    track_script {
       check_nginx_service
    }
    virtual_ipaddress {
        192.168.5.100
    }
}

[root@node02 ~]# systemctl restart keepalived.service

配置前端 Nginx 负载均衡

---node01
[root@node01 ~]# mv /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf{,.bak}
[root@node01 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/vhost.conf
upstream nginx_keepalived_webservers {
   server 192.168.5.13:80 weight=1;
   server 192.168.5.14:80 weight=1;
}

server{
    listen       80;
    server_name  wan.ngin_keepalived.org;
    location / {
       proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
       proxy_pass http://nginx_keepalived_webservers;
      }   
}

[root@node01 ~]# systemctl restart nginx


node02
[root@node02 ~]# mv /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf{,.bak}
[root@node02 ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/vhost.conf
upstream nginx_keepalived_webservers {
   server 192.168.5.13:80 weight=1;
   server 192.168.5.14:80 weight=1;
}

server{
    listen       80;
    server_name  wan.ngin_keepalived.org;
    location / {
       proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
       proxy_pass http://nginx_keepalived_webservers;
      }   
}

[root@node02 ~]# systemctl restart nginx

配置前端 Nginx监控脚本

---node01
[root@node01 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/check_web_server_keepalive.sh
#!/bin/bash

http_status=`ps -C nginx --no-header | wc -l`
if [ $http_status -eq 0 ];then
   systemctl start nginx
   sleep 3
   if [ `ps -C nginx --no-header | wc -l` -eq 0 ]
   then
       systemctl stop keepalived
   fi
fi


[root@node02 ~]# vim /etc/keepalived/check_web_server_keepalive.sh
#!/bin/bash

http_status=`ps -C nginx --no-header | wc -l`
if [ $http_status -eq 0 ];then
   systemctl start nginx
   sleep 3
   if [ `ps -C nginx --no-header | wc -l` -eq 0 ]
   then
       systemctl stop keepalived
   fi
fi

配置后端 web 服务

---node03
[root@node03 ~]# yum install nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm -y
[root@node03 ~]# echo "`hostname -I` web test page..." > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
[root@node03 ~]# systemctl enable --now nginx


----node04
[root@node04 ~]# yum install nginx-1.18.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm -y
[root@node04 ~]# echo "`hostname -I` web test page..." > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
[root@node04 ~]# systemctl enable --now nginx

客户端访问 VIP

实现 Web 服务负载均衡！

四、测试

node05 添加hosts解析

1、Keepalived 健康检查

检测 VIP 访问 Web 服务

模拟后端服务故障

[root@node04 ~]# systemctl stop nginx
[root@node04 ~]# systemctl is-active nginx
inactive

检测 VIP 访问 Web 服务

模拟后端服务故障恢复

[root@node04 ~]# systemctl start nginx
[root@node04 ~]# systemctl is-active nginx
active

检测 VIP 访问 Web 服务

注：Nginx upstream 模块默认支持对后端服务健康监测，Haproxy 同样也自带这种功能！

2、Keepalived MASTER/BACKUP 切换

查看keeapalived VIP 地址状况

node01

node02

模拟 Keepalived MASTER 故障

[root@node01 ~]# systemctl stop keepalived.service

node01

node02

web 服务访问不受影响

模拟 Keepalived MASTER 故障恢复

[root@node01 ~]# systemctl start keepalived.service

node01

node02

实现 keeapalived VIP 漂移！
测试前端 Nginx 负载均衡服务器
node01

Nginx 服务异常后自动启动！

node02

Web 访问不受影响

模拟node01 nginx 服务无法启动

node01

node02

Web 访问不受影响

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