Python通过clr库实现与.NET互操作教程
作者：学亮编程手记
本文详细介绍了Python的clr库,用于在Python和.NET之间进行互操作,内容涵盖了安装配置、程序集加载、类型转换、对象操作、事件处理、异常处理以及高级功能等,通过实际应用案例,展示了如何在Python中利用.NET生态系统,需要的朋友可以参考下
Pythonclr库使用详解
clr 是 pythonnet 包提供的模块，用于在 Python 和 .NET 之间进行互操作。
1. 安装和基础配置
安装
pip install pythonnet
基础导入
import clr import sys import os
2. 加载 .NET 程序集
方法一：加载 GAC 中的程序集
import clr
# 加载系统程序集
clr.AddReference("System")
clr.AddReference("System.Core")
clr.AddReference("System.Data")
clr.AddReference("System.Windows.Forms")
from System import *
from System.IO import *
from System.Diagnostics import *
方法二：加载特定版本程序集
import clr
# 加载特定版本
clr.AddReference("System, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089")
# 或者使用 LoadFrom
clr.AddReferenceByName("System, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089")
方法三：加载本地 DLL 文件
import clr
import os
# 添加 DLL 搜索路径
clr.AddReference("YourAssembly") # 如果 DLL 在 Python 路径中
# 或者指定完整路径
clr.AddReferenceToFile(r"C:\path\to\YourAssembly.dll")
# 或者使用 LoadFrom
clr.AddReferenceToFileAndPath(r"C:\path\to\YourAssembly.dll")
# 添加整个目录到搜索路径
clr.AddReference(".") # 当前目录
3. 基本类型转换
数值类型
import clr
from System import *
# Python 到 .NET
int_value = Int32(42)
double_value = Double(3.14)
bool_value = Boolean(True)
# .NET 到 Python
python_int = int(int_value)
python_float = float(double_value)
python_bool = bool(bool_value)
print(f".NET Int32: {int_value}, Python int: {python_int}")
print(f".NET Double: {double_value}, Python float: {python_float}")
字符串处理
import clr
from System import *
# 字符串转换
net_string = String("Hello from .NET")
python_string = str(net_string)
# 字符串操作
net_string = String("Hello World")
length = net_string.Length # 属性访问
substring = net_string.Substring(0, 5) # 方法调用
contains = net_string.Contains("Hello") # 布尔方法
print(f"Length: {length}")
print(f"Substring: {substring}")
print(f"Contains 'Hello': {contains}")
数组和集合
import clr
from System import *
# 创建 .NET 数组
int_array = Array.CreateInstance(Int32, 5)
for i in range(5):
int_array[i] = i * 10
# 或者使用更简单的方法
from System import Array
int_array2 = Array[int]([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
# 列表转换
from System.Collections.Generic import List
net_list = List[int]()
net_list.Add(1)
net_list.Add(2)
net_list.Add(3)
# Python 列表到 .NET 列表
python_list = [10, 20, 30]
net_list_from_python = List[int](python_list)
print(f".NET 数组: {[x for x in int_array]}")
print(f".NET 列表: {[x for x in net_list]}")
4. 创建和使用 .NET 对象
实例化对象
import clr
from System import *
from System.IO import *
from System.Text import *
# 创建各种对象
sb = StringBuilder()
sb.Append("Hello")
sb.Append(" World")
result = sb.ToString()
# 使用 FileInfo
file_info = FileInfo("test.txt")
print(f"文件存在: {file_info.Exists}")
print(f"文件扩展名: {file_info.Extension}")
# 使用 DateTime
now = DateTime.Now
tomorrow = now.AddDays(1)
time_span = tomorrow - now
print(f"现在: {now}")
print(f"明天: {tomorrow}")
print(f"时间差: {time_span.TotalHours} 小时")
调用静态方法和属性
import clr
from System import *
from System.Math import *
from System.Environment import *
# 静态方法
max_value = Max(10, 20)
sqrt_value = Sqrt(16.0)
pi_value = PI
# 静态属性
machine_name = MachineName
os_version = OSVersion
current_directory = CurrentDirectory
print(f"Math.Max(10, 20) = {max_value}")
print(f"Math.Sqrt(16) = {sqrt_value}")
print(f"PI = {pi_value}")
print(f"机器名: {machine_name}")
print(f"操作系统: {os_version}")
print(f"当前目录: {current_directory}")
5. 事件处理
订阅 .NET 事件
import clr
from System import *
from System.Timers import *
class TimerHandler:
def __init__(self):
self.count = 0
def OnTimerElapsed(self, sender, e):
self.count += 1
print(f"定时器触发 {self.count} 次 - {DateTime.Now}")
# 创建定时器
timer = Timer(1000) # 1秒间隔
handler = TimerHandler()
# 订阅事件
timer.Elapsed += handler.OnTimerElapsed
timer.Start()
print("定时器已启动，按 Enter 停止...")
input()
timer.Stop()
使用委托
import clr
from System import *
# 定义委托处理程序
def message_handler(message):
print(f"收到消息: {message}")
# 使用 Action 委托
action_delegate = Action[str](message_handler)
action_delegate.Invoke("Hello from delegate!")
# 使用 Func 委托
def add_numbers(a, b):
return a + b
func_delegate = Func[int, int, int](add_numbers)
result = func_delegate.Invoke(5, 3)
print(f"5 + 3 = {result}")
6. 异常处理
捕获 .NET 异常
import clr
from System import *
from System.IO import *
def file_operations():
try:
# 尝试读取不存在的文件
file_content = File.ReadAllText("nonexistent_file.txt")
print(file_content)
except FileNotFoundException as e:
print(f"文件未找到异常: {e.Message}")
except UnauthorizedAccessException as e:
print(f"访问被拒绝: {e.Message}")
except Exception as e: # 捕获所有 .NET 异常
print(f"其他异常: {e.GetType().Name}: {e.Message}")
def division_operations():
try:
from System import DivideByZeroException
result = 10 / 0
except DivideByZeroException as e:
print(f"除零异常: {e.Message}")
except Exception as e:
print(f"Python 异常: {e}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
file_operations()
division_operations()
7. 高级功能
反射和动态调用
import clr
from System import *
from System.Reflection import *
class ReflectionDemo:
def explore_assembly(self, assembly_name):
# 加载程序集
clr.AddReference(assembly_name)
assembly = Assembly.Load(assembly_name)
print(f"程序集: {assembly.FullName}")
print("类型列表:")
for type_obj in assembly.GetTypes():
if type_obj.IsPublic:
print(f" {type_obj.FullName}")
# 显示方法
methods = type_obj.GetMethods(BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Static)
for method in methods[:3]: # 只显示前3个方法
print(f" 方法: {method.Name}")
# 使用示例
demo = ReflectionDemo()
demo.explore_assembly("System")
泛型使用
import clr
from System import *
from System.Collections.Generic import *
def generic_collections():
# 创建泛型字典
dictionary = Dictionary[str, int]()
dictionary["one"] = 1
dictionary["two"] = 2
dictionary["three"] = 3
# 遍历字典
for kvp in dictionary:
print(f"Key: {kvp.Key}, Value: {kvp.Value}")
# 泛型列表
list_of_strings = List[str]()
list_of_strings.Add("Apple")
list_of_strings.Add("Banana")
list_of_strings.Add("Cherry")
# 使用 LINQ (需要引用 System.Linq)
try:
clr.AddReference("System.Core")
from System.Linq import Enumerable
filtered = Enumerable.Where(list_of_strings, lambda x: x.startswith("A"))
print("以 A 开头的项目:")
for item in filtered:
print(f" {item}")
except Exception as e:
print(f"LINQ 不可用: {e}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
generic_collections()
多线程编程
import clr
from System import *
from System.Threading import *
from System.ComponentModel import *
class BackgroundWorkerDemo:
def __init__(self):
self.worker = BackgroundWorker()
self.worker.WorkerReportsProgress = True
self.worker.WorkerSupportsCancellation = True
self.worker.DoWork += self.on_do_work
self.worker.ProgressChanged += self.on_progress_changed
self.worker.RunWorkerCompleted += self.on_work_completed
def on_do_work(self, sender, e):
worker = sender
for i in range(1, 101):
if worker.CancellationPending:
e.Cancel = True
return
Thread.Sleep(50) # 模拟工作
worker.ReportProgress(i, f"处理项目 {i}")
def on_progress_changed(self, sender, e):
print(f"进度: {e.ProgressPercentage}% - {e.UserState}")
def on_work_completed(self, sender, e):
if e.Cancelled:
print("操作被取消")
elif e.Error:
print(f"发生错误: {e.Error.Message}")
else:
print("操作完成!")
def start(self):
self.worker.RunWorkerAsync()
def cancel(self):
self.worker.CancelAsync()
# 使用示例
demo = BackgroundWorkerDemo()
demo.start()
print("后台工作已启动，按 Enter 取消...")
input()
demo.cancel()
8. 实际应用案例
案例1：文件监控
import clr
from System import *
from System.IO import *
class FileMonitor:
def __init__(self, path):
self.watcher = FileSystemWatcher()
self.watcher.Path = path
self.watcher.IncludeSubdirectories = True
# 订阅事件
self.watcher.Created += self.on_file_created
self.watcher.Changed += self.on_file_changed
self.watcher.Deleted += self.on_file_deleted
self.watcher.Renamed += self.on_file_renamed
def on_file_created(self, sender, e):
print(f"文件创建: {e.FullPath}")
def on_file_changed(self, sender, e):
print(f"文件修改: {e.FullPath}")
def on_file_deleted(self, sender, e):
print(f"文件删除: {e.FullPath}")
def on_file_renamed(self, sender, e):
print(f"文件重命名: {e.OldFullPath} -> {e.FullPath}")
def start(self):
self.watcher.EnableRaisingEvents = True
print(f"开始监控目录: {self.watcher.Path}")
def stop(self):
self.watcher.EnableRaisingEvents = False
print("停止监控")
# 使用示例
monitor = FileMonitor(".")
monitor.start()
print("文件监控已启动，按 Enter 停止...")
input()
monitor.stop()
案例2：Windows 服务交互
import clr
from System import *
from System.ServiceProcess import *
class ServiceManager:
def list_services(self):
services = ServiceController.GetServices()
print("系统服务列表:")
for service in services:
status = service.Status
print(f" {service.ServiceName} - {service.DisplayName} - {status}")
def control_service(self, service_name, action):
try:
service = ServiceController(service_name)
if action == "start":
if service.Status == ServiceControllerStatus.Stopped:
service.Start()
service.WaitForStatus(ServiceControllerStatus.Running, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30))
print(f"服务 {service_name} 已启动")
else:
print(f"服务 {service_name} 不是停止状态")
elif action == "stop":
if service.Status == ServiceControllerStatus.Running:
service.Stop()
service.WaitForStatus(ServiceControllerStatus.Stopped, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30))
print(f"服务 {service_name} 已停止")
else:
print(f"服务 {service_name} 不是运行状态")
elif action == "restart":
if service.Status == ServiceControllerStatus.Running:
service.Stop()
service.WaitForStatus(ServiceControllerStatus.Stopped, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30))
service.Start()
service.WaitForStatus(ServiceControllerStatus.Running, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(30))
print(f"服务 {service_name} 已重启")
else:
print(f"服务 {service_name} 不是运行状态")
except Exception as e:
print(f"操作服务时出错: {e}")
# 使用示例
manager = ServiceManager()
manager.list_services()
# 注意：需要管理员权限
# manager.control_service("Themes", "stop")
9. 调试和故障排除
调试技巧
import clr
from System import *
import traceback
def debug_net_interop():
try:
# 查看已加载的程序集
print("已加载的程序集:")
for assembly in clr.ListAssemblies():
print(f" {assembly}")
# 检查类型信息
clr.AddReference("System")
from System import String
string_type = type(String("test"))
print(f"String 类型: {string_type}")
print(f"String 方法: {[method for method in dir(String) if not method.startswith('_')][:5]}")
except Exception as e:
print(f"调试过程中出错: {e}")
traceback.print_exc()
def memory_management():
"""内存管理示例"""
import gc
# 创建大量 .NET 对象
objects = []
for i in range(1000):
sb = StringBuilder()
sb.Append(f"String {i}")
objects.append(sb)
print(f"创建了 {len(objects)} 个对象")
# 强制垃圾回收
gc.collect()
print("垃圾回收完成")
if __name__ == "__main__":
debug_net_interop()
memory_management()
10. 性能优化建议
import clr
from System import *
import time
class PerformanceOptimizer:
@staticmethod
def benchmark_operations():
"""性能基准测试"""
from System.Text import StringBuilder
# 测试字符串拼接性能
start_time = time.time()
# 方法1：使用 Python 字符串拼接
result1 = ""
for i in range(10000):
result1 += str(i)
time1 = time.time() - start_time
# 方法2：使用 .NET StringBuilder
start_time = time.time()
sb = StringBuilder()
for i in range(10000):
sb.Append(str(i))
result2 = sb.ToString()
time2 = time.time() - start_time
print(f"Python 字符串拼接: {time1:.4f} 秒")
print(f".NET StringBuilder: {time2:.4f} 秒")
print(f"性能提升: {time1/time2:.2f}x")
@staticmethod
def batch_operations():
"""批量操作优化"""
from System.Collections.Generic import List
# 不推荐的写法：逐个添加
slow_list = List[int]()
start_time = time.time()
for i in range(10000):
slow_list.Add(i)
slow_time = time.time() - start_time
# 推荐的写法：批量添加
fast_list = List[int]()
start_time = time.time()
fast_list.AddRange(range(10000))
fast_time = time.time() - start_time
print(f"逐个添加: {slow_time:.4f} 秒")
print(f"批量添加: {fast_time:.4f} 秒")
print(f"性能提升: {slow_time/fast_time:.2f}x")
if __name__ == "__main__":
PerformanceOptimizer.benchmark_operations()
PerformanceOptimizer.batch_operations()
总结
clr 库提供了强大的 Python 与 .NET 互操作能力：
- 程序集加载：支持 GAC、本地文件等多种方式
- 类型转换：自动处理基本类型转换
- 对象操作：创建实例、调用方法、访问属性
- 事件处理：订阅 .NET 事件和委托
- 异常处理：捕获和处理 .NET 异常
- 高级特性：反射、泛型、多线程支持
使用时的注意事项：
- 确保架构匹配（x86/x64）
- 处理内存管理
- 注意性能优化
- 适当处理异常
这个库使得在 Python 中利用丰富的 .NET 生态系统成为可能。
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