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django 多级项目目录的示例代码

作者:alden_ygq

本文主要介绍了django 多级项目目录的示例代码,文中通过示例代码介绍的非常详细,对大家的学习或者工作具有一定的参考学习价值,需要的朋友们下面随着小编来一起学习学习吧

一、项目初始化

1. 创建虚拟环境并安装依赖

# 创建虚拟环境
python3 -m venv env
source env/bin/activate

# 安装依赖
pip install django python-decouple

2. 创建项目和基础结构

# 创建项目根目录
mkdir myproject
cd myproject

# 创建配置目录
mkdir config
django-admin startproject myproject config --template=https://github.com/django-templates/django-project-template/archive/master.zip --name=Dockerfile,.env.example

# 创建应用目录
mkdir apps
cd apps
django-admin startapp core
django-admin startapp users
cd ..

# 创建其他目录
mkdir libs static media templates scripts tests
touch .gitignore

二、项目目录结构

myproject/                   # 项目根目录
├── config/                  # 项目配置目录
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── settings/            # 配置文件按环境分离
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── base.py          # 基础配置
│   │   ├── dev.py           # 开发环境配置
│   │   └── prod.py          # 生产环境配置
│   ├── urls.py              # 项目URL配置
│   └── wsgi.py              # WSGI应用配置
├── apps/                    # 自定义应用目录
│   ├── core/                # 核心功能应用
│   │   ├── migrations/
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   ├── admin.py
│   │   ├── apps.py
│   │   ├── models.py
│   │   ├── tests.py
│   │   ├── urls.py
│   │   └── views.py
│   └── users/               # 用户管理应用
├── libs/                    # 自定义库目录
│   └── utils/               # 工具函数
├── static/                  # 静态文件目录
├── media/                   # 上传文件目录
├── templates/               # 模板文件目录
├── scripts/                 # 脚本文件目录
├── tests/                   # 测试目录
├── .env.example             # 环境变量示例
├── .gitignore               # Git忽略规则
├── manage.py                # Django管理脚本
└── requirements.txt         # 依赖包列表

三、配置文件实现

1. 环境变量管理(.env.example)

# .env.example
SECRET_KEY=your-secret-key-here
DEBUG=True
ALLOWED_HOSTS=localhost,127.0.0.1

2. 配置文件分层(config/settings/)

# config/settings/base.py
from decouple import config
from pathlib import Path

BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent

SECRET_KEY = config('SECRET_KEY')

DEBUG = config('DEBUG', default=False, cast=bool)

ALLOWED_HOSTS = config('ALLOWED_HOSTS', default='', cast=lambda v: [s.strip() for s in v.split(',')])

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'apps.core',
    'apps.users',
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

ROOT_URLCONF = 'config.urls'

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [BASE_DIR / 'templates'],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]

WSGI_APPLICATION = 'config.wsgi.application'

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
    }
}

AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
    },
]

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

USE_I18N = True

USE_L10N = True

USE_TZ = True

STATIC_URL = '/static/'
STATICFILES_DIRS = [BASE_DIR / 'static']

MEDIA_URL = '/media/'
MEDIA_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'media'

DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'
# config/settings/dev.py
from .base import *

DEBUG = True

SECRET_KEY = 'development-secret-key'

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']

INSTALLED_APPS += [
    'debug_toolbar',
]

MIDDLEWARE += [
    'debug_toolbar.middleware.DebugToolbarMiddleware',
]

INTERNAL_IPS = [
    '127.0.0.1',
]

# 开发环境数据库配置
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
    }
}
# config/settings/prod.py
from .base import *

DEBUG = False

# 生产环境需要从环境变量获取敏感信息
SECRET_KEY = config('SECRET_KEY')
ALLOWED_HOSTS = config('ALLOWED_HOSTS', cast=lambda v: [s.strip() for s in v.split(',')])

# 生产环境数据库配置
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.postgresql',
        'NAME': config('DB_NAME'),
        'USER': config('DB_USER'),
        'PASSWORD': config('DB_PASSWORD'),
        'HOST': config('DB_HOST'),
        'PORT': config('DB_PORT'),
    }
}

# 生产环境静态文件配置
STATIC_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'staticfiles'

# 安全配置
SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True
SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True
CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True
SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 31536000
SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = True
SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = True

四、核心应用实现

1. 核心模型(apps/core/models.py)

from django.db import models

class TimeStampedModel(models.Model):
    """所有模型的基类,提供创建时间和更新时间"""
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
    
    class Meta:
        abstract = True

class UUIDModel(models.Model):
    """使用UUID作为主键的模型基类"""
    id = models.UUIDField(primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4, editable=False)
    
    class Meta:
        abstract = True

2. 核心视图(apps/core/views.py)

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.views.generic import TemplateView

class HomeView(TemplateView):
    template_name = 'home.html'

3. 核心 URL 配置(apps/core/urls.py)

from django.urls import path
from .views import HomeView

urlpatterns = [
    path('', HomeView.as_view(), name='home'),
]

五、用户应用实现

1. 用户模型(apps/users/models.py)

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
from apps.core.models import TimeStampedModel

class User(AbstractUser, TimeStampedModel):
    """自定义用户模型"""
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank=True, null=True)
    bio = models.TextField(blank=True, null=True)
    
    def __str__(self):
        return self.username

2. 用户管理(apps/users/admin.py)

from django.contrib import admin
from django.contrib.auth.admin import UserAdmin
from .models import User

class CustomUserAdmin(UserAdmin):
    fieldsets = (
        (None, {'fields': ('username', 'password')}),
        ('个人信息', {'fields': ('first_name', 'last_name', 'email', 'phone', 'bio')}),
        ('权限', {'fields': ('is_active', 'is_staff', 'is_superuser', 'groups', 'user_permissions')}),
        ('重要日期', {'fields': ('last_login', 'date_joined')}),
    )

admin.site.register(User, CustomUserAdmin)

六、项目 URL 配置

1. 主 URL 配置(config/urls.py)

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include
from django.conf import settings
from django.conf.urls.static import static

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', include('apps.core.urls')),
    path('users/', include('apps.users.urls')),
]

if settings.DEBUG:
    urlpatterns += static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)
    urlpatterns += static(settings.STATIC_URL, document_root=settings.STATIC_ROOT)

2. 用户应用 URL 配置(apps/users/urls.py)

from django.urls import path, include
from django.contrib.auth import views as auth_views
from .views import UserProfileView

urlpatterns = [
    path('profile/', UserProfileView.as_view(), name='user-profile'),
    path('login/', auth_views.LoginView.as_view(template_name='users/login.html'), name='login'),
    path('logout/', auth_views.LogoutView.as_view(), name='logout'),
]

七、模板文件

1. 基础模板(templates/base.html)

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>{% block title %}MyProject{% endblock %}</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.2.3/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="external nofollow" >
    {% block extra_css %}{% endblock %}
</head>
<body>
    <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light bg-light">
        <div class="container">
            <a class="navbar-brand" href="{% url 'home' %}" rel="external nofollow"  rel="external nofollow" >MyProject</a>
            <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarNav" aria-controls="navbarNav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation">
                <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>
            </button>
            <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarNav">
                <ul class="navbar-nav">
                    <li class="nav-item">
                        <a class="nav-link" href="{% url 'home' %}" rel="external nofollow"  rel="external nofollow" >首页</a>
                    </li>
                    {% if user.is_authenticated %}
                    <li class="nav-item">
                        <a class="nav-link" href="{% url 'user-profile' %}" rel="external nofollow" >个人中心</a>
                    </li>
                    <li class="nav-item">
                        <a class="nav-link" href="{% url 'logout' %}" rel="external nofollow" >退出登录</a>
                    </li>
                    {% else %}
                    <li class="nav-item">
                        <a class="nav-link" href="{% url 'login' %}" rel="external nofollow"  rel="external nofollow" >登录</a>
                    </li>
                    {% endif %}
                </ul>
            </div>
        </div>
    </nav>

    <div class="container mt-4">
        {% if messages %}
            {% for message in messages %}
                <div class="alert alert-{{ message.tags }}">
                    {{ message }}
                </div>
            {% endfor %}
        {% endif %}
        
        {% block content %}{% endblock %}
    </div>

    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.2.3/dist/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script>
    {% block extra_js %}{% endblock %}
</body>
</html>

2. 首页模板(templates/home.html)

{% extends 'base.html' %}

{% block title %}首页{% endblock %}

{% block content %}
<div class="jumbotron">
    <h1 class="display-4">欢迎来到MyProject</h1>
    <p class="lead">这是一个基于Django的多级项目结构示例</p>
    <hr class="my-4">
    {% if user.is_authenticated %}
    <p>你已登录,{{ user.username }}!</p>
    {% else %}
    <p>请登录以访问更多功能</p>
    <a class="btn btn-primary btn-lg" href="{% url 'login' %}" rel="external nofollow"  rel="external nofollow"  role="button">登录</a>
    {% endif %}
</div>
{% endblock %}

八、工具库实现

1. 通用工具函数(libs/utils/common.py)

import uuid
import random
import string

def generate_random_string(length=10):
    """生成随机字符串"""
    return ''.join(random.choices(string.ascii_letters + string.digits, k=length))

def generate_uuid():
    """生成UUID"""
    return str(uuid.uuid4())

def get_client_ip(request):
    """获取客户端IP地址"""
    x_forwarded_for = request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
    if x_forwarded_for:
        ip = x_forwarded_for.split(',')[0]
    else:
        ip = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
    return ip

九、项目启动与测试

1. 创建并配置环境变量

cp .env.example .env
# 编辑 .env 文件,设置 SECRET_KEY 等变量

2. 运行数据库迁移

python manage.py migrate --settings=config.settings.dev

3. 创建超级用户

python manage.py createsuperuser --settings=config.settings.dev

4. 启动开发服务器

python manage.py runserver --settings=config.settings.dev

5. 访问网站

打开浏览器,访问 http://localhost:8000

十、项目优化与扩展

1. 添加 Docker 支持

# Dockerfile
FROM python:3.9-slim

WORKDIR /app

COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt

COPY . .

CMD ["python", "manage.py", "runserver", "0.0.0.0:8000"]

2. 添加测试用例(tests/)

# tests/unit/test_models.py
from django.test import TestCase
from apps.users.models import User

class UserModelTestCase(TestCase):
    def setUp(self):
        self.user = User.objects.create_user(
            username='testuser',
            email='test@example.com',
            password='testpassword'
        )
    
    def test_user_creation(self):
        self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), 1)
        self.assertEqual(self.user.username, 'testuser')
        self.assertEqual(self.user.email, 'test@example.com')
        self.assertTrue(self.user.check_password('testpassword'))

项目总结

通过这个实战教程,你学会了如何从零开始创建一个结构清晰的 Django 多级项目:

这种结构使项目具有更好的可维护性、可扩展性和团队协作效率,特别适合中大型项目。

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