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python操作kafka的详细步骤

作者:一夜白头催人泪

这篇文章主要给大家介绍了关于python操作kafka的详细步骤包括安装环境、添加依赖、配置setting.py文件、编写生产者和消费者代码,以及KafkaConsumer的详细参数和使用方法,文中通过代码介绍的非常详细,需要的朋友可以参考下

一、参考阿里云的官方链接:

 使用Python SDK接入Kafka收发消息_云消息队列 Kafka 版(Kafka)-阿里云帮助中心

二、安装python环境  

三、添加python依赖库

pip install confluent-kafka==1.9.2

四、新建一个setting.py文件配置信息

kafka_setting = {
    'sasl_plain_username': 'XXX',   #如果是默认接入点实例,请删除该配置。
    'sasl_plain_password': 'XXX',   #如果是默认接入点实例,请删除该配置。
    'bootstrap_servers': '[xxx,xxx,xxx]',
    'topic_name': 'XXX',
    'group_name': 'XXX'
}

五、生产者和消费者

5.1 生产者示例:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
import json
import json
import msgpack
from loguru import logger
from kafka import KafkaProducer
from kafka.errors import KafkaError
 
def kfk_produce_1():
    """
        发送 json 格式数据
    :return:
    """
    producer = KafkaProducer(
        bootstrap_servers='ip:9092',
        value_serializer=lambda v: json.dumps(v).encode('utf-8')
    )
    producer.send('test_topic', {'key1': 'value1'})
 
 
def kfk_produce_2():
    """
        发送 string 格式数据
    :return:
    """
    producer = KafkaProducer(bootstrap_servers='xxxx:x')
    data_dict = {
        "name": 'king',
        'age': 100,
        "msg": "Hello World"
    }
    msg = json.dumps(data_dict)
    producer.send('test_topic', msg, partition=0)
    producer.close()
 
 
def kfk_produce_3():
    producer = KafkaProducer(bootstrap_servers=['broker1:1234'])
 
    # Asynchronous by default ( 默认是异步发送 )
    future = producer.send('my-topic', b'raw_bytes')
 
    # Block for 'synchronous' sends
    try:
        record_metadata = future.get(timeout=10)
    except KafkaError:
        # Decide what to do if produce request failed...
        logger.error(KafkaError)
        pass
 
    # Successful result returns assigned partition and offset
    print(record_metadata.topic)
    print(record_metadata.partition)
    print(record_metadata.offset)
 
    # produce keyed messages to enable hashed partitioning
    producer.send('my-topic', key=b'foo', value=b'bar')
 
    # encode objects via msgpack
    producer = KafkaProducer(value_serializer=msgpack.dumps)
    producer.send('msgpack-topic', {'key': 'value'})
 
    # produce json messages
    producer = KafkaProducer(value_serializer=lambda m: json.dumps(m).encode('ascii'))
    producer.send('json-topic', {'key': 'value'})
 
    # produce asynchronously
    for _ in range(100):
        producer.send('my-topic', b'msg')
 
    def on_send_success(record_metadata=None):
        print(record_metadata.topic)
        print(record_metadata.partition)
        print(record_metadata.offset)
 
    def on_send_error(excp=None):
        logger.error('I am an errback', exc_info=excp)
        # handle exception
 
    # produce asynchronously with callbacks
    producer.send('my-topic', b'raw_bytes').add_callback(on_send_success).add_errback(on_send_error)
 
    # block until all async messages are sent
    producer.flush()
 
    # configure multiple retries
    producer = KafkaProducer(retries=5)
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    kfk_produce_1()
    kfk_produce_2()
    pass

 5.2 消费者 示例:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
import json
import msgpack
from kafka import KafkaConsumer
 
# To consume latest messages and auto-commit offsets
consumer = KafkaConsumer(
    'my-topic', group_id='my-group',
    bootstrap_servers=['localhost:9092']
)
for message in consumer:
    # message value and key are raw bytes -- decode if necessary!
    # e.g., for unicode: `message.value.decode('utf-8')`
    info = f'{message.topic}:{message.partition}:{message.offset}: key={message.key}, value={message.value}'
    print(info)
 
# consume earliest available messages, don't commit offsets
KafkaConsumer(auto_offset_reset='earliest', enable_auto_commit=False)
 
# consume json messages
KafkaConsumer(value_deserializer=lambda m: json.loads(m.decode('ascii')))
 
# consume msgpack
KafkaConsumer(value_deserializer=msgpack.unpackb)
 
# StopIteration if no message after 1sec ( 没有消息时,1s后停止消费 )
KafkaConsumer(consumer_timeout_ms=1000)
 
# Subscribe to a regex topic pattern
consumer = KafkaConsumer()
consumer.subscribe(pattern='^awesome.*')
 
# Use multiple consumers in parallel w/ 0.9 kafka brokers
# typically you would run each on a different server / process / CPU
consumer1 = KafkaConsumer(
    'my-topic', group_id='my-group',
    bootstrap_servers='my.server.com'
)
consumer2 = KafkaConsumer(
    'my-topic', group_id='my-group',
    bootstrap_servers='my.server.com'
)

5.3 简单封装:

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
import time
import json
import ujson
import random
from loguru import logger
from kafka import KafkaProducer, KafkaConsumer
 
 
class KafkaOperate(object):
 
    def __init__(self, bootstrap_servers=None):
        if not bootstrap_servers:
            raise Exception('bootstrap_servers is None')
 
        self.__bootstrap_servers = None
        if isinstance(bootstrap_servers, str):
            ip_port_string = bootstrap_servers.strip()
            if ',' in ip_port_string:
                self.__bootstrap_servers = ip_port_string.replace(' ', '').split(',')
            else:
                self.__bootstrap_servers = [ip_port_string]
 
        self.kafka_producer = None
        self.kafka_consumer = None
 
        pass
 
    def __del__(self):
        pass
 
    def kfk_consume(self, topic_name=None, group_id='my_group'):
        if not self.kafka_consumer:
            self.kafka_consumer = KafkaConsumer(
                topic_name, group_id=group_id,
                bootstrap_servers=self.__bootstrap_servers,
                auto_offset_reset='earliest',
            )
        count = 0
        for msg in self.kafka_consumer:
            count += 1
            # message value and key are raw bytes -- decode if necessary!
            # e.g., for unicode: `message.value.decode('utf-8')`
            info = f'[{count}] {msg.topic}:{msg.partition}:{msg.offset}: key={msg.key}, value={msg.value.decode("utf-8")}'
            logger.info(info)
            time.sleep(1)
 
    def __kfk_produce(self, topic_name=None, data_dict=None, partition=None):
        """
            如果想要多线程进行消费,可以设置 发往不通的 partition
            有多少个 partition 就可以启多少个线程同时进行消费,
        :param topic_name:
        :param data_dict:
        :param partition:
        :return:
        """
        if not self.kafka_producer:
            self.kafka_producer = KafkaProducer(
                bootstrap_servers=self.__bootstrap_servers,
                client_id='my_group',
                value_serializer=lambda v: json.dumps(v).encode('utf-8')
            )
        # data_dict = {
        #     "name": 'king',
        #     'age': 100,
        #     "msg": "Hello World"
        # }
        if partition:
            self.kafka_producer.send(
                topic=topic_name, 
                value=data_dict,
                # key='count_num',  # 同一个key值,会被送至同一个分区
                partition=partition
            )
        else:
            self.kafka_producer.send(topic_name, data_dict)
        pass
 
    def kfk_produce_one(self, topic_name=None, data_dict=None, partition=None, partition_count=1):
        partition = partition if partition else random.randint(0, partition_count-1)
        self.__kfk_produce(topic_name=topic_name, data_dict=data_dict, partition=partition)
        self.kafka_producer.flush()
 
    def kfk_produce_many(self, topic_name=None, data_dict_list=None, partition=None, partition_count=1, per_count=100):
        count = 0
        for data_dict in data_dict_list:
            partition = partition if partition else count % partition_count
            self.__kfk_produce(topic_name=topic_name, data_dict=data_dict, partition=partition)
            if 0 == count % per_count:
                self.kafka_producer.flush()
            count += 1
        self.kafka_producer.flush()
        pass
 
    @staticmethod
    def get_consumer(group_id: str, bootstrap_servers: list, topic: str, enable_auto_commit=True) -> KafkaConsumer:
        topics = tuple([x.strip() for x in topic.split(',') if x.strip()])
        if enable_auto_commit:
            return KafkaConsumer(
                *topics,
                group_id=group_id,
                bootstrap_servers=bootstrap_servers,
                auto_offset_reset='earliest',
                # fetch_max_bytes=FETCH_MAX_BYTES,
                # connections_max_idle_ms=CONNECTIONS_MAX_IDLE_MS,
                # max_poll_interval_ms=KAFKA_MAX_POLL_INTERVAL_MS,
                # session_timeout_ms=SESSION_TIMEOUT_MS,
                # max_poll_records=KAFKA_MAX_POLL_RECORDS,
                # request_timeout_ms=REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS,
                # auto_commit_interval_ms=AUTO_COMMIT_INTERVAL_MS,
                value_deserializer=lambda m: ujson.loads(m.decode('utf-8'))
            )
        else:
            return KafkaConsumer(
                *topics,
                group_id=group_id,
                bootstrap_servers=bootstrap_servers,
                auto_offset_reset='earliest',
                # fetch_max_bytes=FETCH_MAX_BYTES,
                # connections_max_idle_ms=CONNECTIONS_MAX_IDLE_MS,
                # max_poll_interval_ms=KAFKA_MAX_POLL_INTERVAL_MS,
                # session_timeout_ms=SESSION_TIMEOUT_MS,
                # max_poll_records=KAFKA_MAX_POLL_RECORDS,
                # request_timeout_ms=REQUEST_TIMEOUT_MS,
                enable_auto_commit=enable_auto_commit,
                value_deserializer=lambda m: ujson.loads(m.decode('utf-8'))
            )
 
    @staticmethod
    def get_producer(bootstrap_servers: list):
        return KafkaProducer(bootstrap_servers=bootstrap_servers, retries=5)
 
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    bs = '10.10.10.10:9092'
    kafka_op = KafkaOperate(bootstrap_servers=bs)
    kafka_op.kfk_consume(topic_name='001_test')
    pass

5.4 示例:

# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
 
import json
from kafka import KafkaConsumer, KafkaProducer
 
 
class KProducer:
    def __init__(self, bootstrap_servers, topic):
        """
        kafka 生产者
        :param bootstrap_servers: 地址
        :param topic:  topic
        """
        self.producer = KafkaProducer(
            bootstrap_servers=bootstrap_servers,
            value_serializer=lambda m: json.dumps(m).encode('ascii'), )  # json 格式化发送的内容
        self.topic = topic
 
    def sync_producer(self, data_li: list):
        """
        同步发送 数据
        :param data_li:  发送数据
        :return:
        """
        for data in data_li:
            future = self.producer.send(self.topic, data)
            record_metadata = future.get(timeout=10)  # 同步确认消费
            partition = record_metadata.partition  # 数据所在的分区
            offset = record_metadata.offset  # 数据所在分区的位置
            print('save success, partition: {}, offset: {}'.format(partition, offset))
 
    def asyn_producer(self,  data_li: list):
        """
        异步发送数据
        :param data_li:发送数据
        :return:
        """
        for data in data_li:
            self.producer.send(self.topic, data)
        self.producer.flush()  # 批量提交
 
    def asyn_producer_callback(self,  data_li: list):
        """
        异步发送数据 + 发送状态处理
        :param data_li:发送数据
        :return:
        """
        for data in data_li:
            self.producer.send(self.topic, data).add_callback(self.send_success).add_errback(self.send_error)
        self.producer.flush()  # 批量提交
 
    def send_success(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """异步发送成功回调函数"""
        print('save success')
        return
 
    def send_error(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """异步发送错误回调函数"""
        print('save error')
        return
 
    def close_producer(self):
        try:
            self.producer.close()
        except:
            pass
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
 
    send_data_li = [{"test": 1}, {"test": 2}]
    kp = KProducer(topic='topic', bootstrap_servers='127.0.0.1:9001,127.0.0.1:9002')
 
    # 同步发送
    kp.sync_producer(send_data_li)
 
    # 异步发送
    # kp.asyn_producer(send_data_li)
 
    # 异步+回调
    # kp.asyn_producer_callback(send_data_li)
    
    kp.close_producer()

KafkaConsumer 的 构造参数:

KafkaConsumer 的 函数

六、简单的消费者代码:

from kafka import KafkaConsumer
 
consumer = KafkaConsumer('test_rhj', bootstrap_servers=['xxxx:x'])
for msg in consumer:
    recv = "%s:%d:%d: key=%s value=%s" % (
        msg.topic, msg.partition, msg.offset, msg.key, msg.value
    )
    print(recv)

七、kafka 的 分区机制

如果想要完成负载均衡,就需要知道 kafka 的分区机制,

消费者订阅时候

以此为原理,我们对消费者做如下修改:

from kafka import KafkaConsumer
 
consumer = KafkaConsumer(
    'test_rhj', 
    group_id='123456', 
    bootstrap_servers=['10.43.35.25:4531']
)
for msg in consumer:
    recv = "%s:%d:%d: key=%s value=%s" % (
        msg.topic, msg.partition, msg.offset, msg.key, msg.value
    )
    print(recv)

开两个消费者进行消费,生产者分别往 0分区 和 1分区 发消息结果如下,可以看到,一个消费者只能消费0分区,另一个只能消费1分区:

八、偏移量

kafka 提供了 "偏移量" 的概念,允许消费者根据偏移量消费之前遗漏的内容,这基于 kafka 名义上的全量存储,可以保留大量的历史数据,历史保存时间是可配置的,一般是7天,如果偏移量定位到了已删除的位置那也会有问题,但是这种情况可能很小;每个保存的数据文件都是以偏移量命名的,当前要查的偏移量减去文件名就是数据在该文件的相对位置。要指定偏移量消费数据,需要指定该消费者要消费的分区,否则代码会找不到分区而无法消费,代码如下:

from kafka import KafkaConsumer
from kafka.structs import TopicPartition
 
consumer = KafkaConsumer(
    group_id='123456', bootstrap_servers=['10.43.35.25:4531']
)
consumer.assign(
    [
        TopicPartition(topic='test_rhj', partition=0),
        TopicPartition(topic='test_rhj', partition=1)
    ]
)
 
print(consumer.partitions_for_topic("test_rhj"))  # 获取test主题的分区信息
print(consumer.assignment())
print(consumer.beginning_offsets(consumer.assignment()))
 
consumer.seek(TopicPartition(topic='test_rhj', partition=0), 0)
for msg in consumer:
    recv = "%s:%d:%d: key=%s value=%s" % (
        msg.topic, msg.partition, msg.offset, msg.key, msg.value
    )
    print(recv)

因为指定的偏移量为 0,所以从一开始插入的数据都可以查到,而且因为指定了分区,指定的分区结果都可以消费,结果如下:

有时候,我们并不需要实时获取数据,因为这样可能会造成性能瓶颈,我们只需要定时去获取队列里的数据然后批量处理就可以,这种情况,我们可以选择主动拉取数据

from kafka import KafkaConsumer
import time
 
consumer = KafkaConsumer(group_id='123456', bootstrap_servers=['10.43.35.25:4531'])
consumer.subscribe(topics=('test_rhj',))
index = 0
while True:
    msg = consumer.poll(timeout_ms=5)  # 从kafka获取消息
    print(msg)
    time.sleep(2)
    index += 1
    print('--------poll index is %s----------' % index)

结果如下,可以看到,每次拉取到的都是前面生产的数据,可能是多条的列表,也可能没有数据,如果没有数据,则拉取到的为空:

九、消费者 示例

# coding:utf8
from kafka import KafkaConsumer
 
# 创建一个消费者,指定了topic,group_id,bootstrap_servers
# group_id: 多个拥有相同group_id的消费者被判定为一组,
#            一条数据记录只会被同一个组中的一个消费者消费
# bootstrap_servers:kafka的节点,多个节点使用逗号分隔
# 这种方式只会获取新产生的数据
 
bootstrap_server_list = [
    '192.168.70.221:19092',
    '192.168.70.222:19092',
    '192.168.70.223:19092'
]
 
consumer = KafkaConsumer(
    # kafka 集群地址
    bootstrap_servers=','.join(bootstrap_server_list),
    group_id="my.group",  # 消费组id
    enable_auto_commit=True,  # 每过一段时间自动提交所有已消费的消息(在迭代时提交)
    auto_commit_interval_ms=5000,  # 自动提交的周期(毫秒)
)
 
consumer.subscribe(["my.topic"])  # 消息的主题,可以指定多个
 
for msg in consumer:  # 迭代器,等待下一条消息
    print(msg)  # 打印消息

十、多线程 消费

# coding:utf-8
 
import os
import sys
import threading
from kafka import KafkaConsumer, TopicPartition, OffsetAndMetadata
from collections import OrderedDict
 
threads = []
 
class MyThread(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self, thread_name, topic, partition):
        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
        self.thread_name = thread_name
        self.partition = partition
        self.topic = topic
 
    def run(self):
        print("Starting " + self.name)
        consumer(self.thread_name, self.topic, self.partition)
 
    def stop(self):
        sys.exit()
 
 
def consumer(thread_name, topic, partition):
    broker_list = 'ip1:9092,ip2:9092'
 
    '''
    fetch_min_bytes(int) - 服务器为获取请求而返回的最小数据量,否则请等待
    fetch_max_wait_ms(int) - 如果没有足够的数据立即满足fetch_min_bytes给出的要求,服务器在回应提取请求之前将阻塞的最大时间量(以毫秒为单位)
    fetch_max_bytes(int) - 服务器应为获取请求返回的最大数据量。这不是绝对最大值,如果获取的第一个非空分区中的第一条消息大于此值,
                则仍将返回消息以确保消费者可以取得进展。注意:使用者并行执行对多个代理的提取,因此内存使用将取决于包含该主题分区的代理的数量。
                支持的Kafka版本> = 0.10.1.0。默认值:52428800(50 MB)。
    enable_auto_commit(bool) - 如果为True,则消费者的偏移量将在后台定期提交。默认值:True。
    max_poll_records(int) - 单次调用中返回的最大记录数poll()。默认值:500
    max_poll_interval_ms(int) - poll()使用使用者组管理时的调用之间的最大延迟 。这为消费者在获取更多记录之前可以闲置的时间量设置了上限。
                  如果 poll()在此超时到期之前未调用,则认为使用者失败,并且该组将重新平衡以便将分区重新分配给另一个成员。默认300000
    '''
 
    consumer_1 = KafkaConsumer(
        bootstrap_servers=broker_list,
        group_id="test000001",
        client_id=thread_name,
        enable_auto_commit=False,
        fetch_min_bytes=1024 * 1024,  # 1M
        # fetch_max_bytes=1024 * 1024 * 1024 * 10,
        fetch_max_wait_ms=60000,  # 30s
        request_timeout_ms=305000,
        # consumer_timeout_ms=1,
        # max_poll_records=5000,
    )
    # 设置topic partition
    tp = TopicPartition(topic, partition)
    # 分配该消费者的TopicPartition,也就是topic和partition,
    # 根据参数,每个线程消费者消费一个分区
    consumer_1.assign([tp])
    # 获取上次消费的最大偏移量
    offset = consumer_1.end_offsets([tp])[tp]
    print(thread_name, tp, offset)
 
    # 设置消费的偏移量
    consumer_1.seek(tp, offset)
 
    print(u"程序首次运行\t线程:", thread_name, u"分区:", partition, u"偏移量:", offset, u"\t开始消费...")
 
    num = 0  # 记录该消费者消费次数
    while True:
        msg = consumer_1.poll(timeout_ms=60000)
        end_offset = consumer_1.end_offsets([tp])[tp]
        '''可以自己记录控制消费'''
        print(u'已保存的偏移量', consumer_1.committed(tp), u'最新偏移量,', end_offset)
        if len(msg) > 0:
            print(u"线程:", thread_name, u"分区:", partition, u"最大偏移量:", end_offset, u"有无数据,", len(msg))
 
            lines = 0
            for data in msg.values():
                for line in data:
                    print(line)
                    lines += 1
                '''
                do something
                '''
            # 线程此批次消息条数
 
            print(thread_name, "lines", lines)
            if True:
                # 可以自己保存在各topic, partition的偏移量
                # 手动提交偏移量 offsets格式:{TopicPartition:OffsetAndMetadata(offset_num,None)}
                consumer_1.commit(offsets={tp: (OffsetAndMetadata(end_offset, None))})
                if not 0:
                    # 系统退出?这个还没试
                    os.exit()
                    '''
                    sys.exit()  只能退出该线程,也就是说其它两个线程正常运行,主程序不退出
                    '''
            else:
                os.exit()
        else:
            print(thread_name, '没有数据')
        num += 1
        print(thread_name, "第", num, "次")
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    try:
        t1 = MyThread("Thread-0", "test", 0)
        threads.append(t1)
        t2 = MyThread("Thread-1", "test", 1)
        threads.append(t2)
        t3 = MyThread("Thread-2", "test", 2)
        threads.append(t3)
 
        for t in threads:
            t.start()
 
        for t in threads:
            t.join()
 
        print("exit program with 0")
    except:
        print("Error: failed to run consumer program")

十一、高级用法(消费者)

从指定 offset 开始读取消息,被消费过的消息也可以被此方法读取

创建消费者

# 立刻发送所有数据并等待发送完毕
producer.flush()
 
# 读取下一条消息
next(consumer)
 
# 手动提交所有已消费的消息
consumer.commit()
 
# 手动提交指定的消息
consumer.commit([TopicPartition(my_topic, msg.offset)])

十二、生产者 和 消费者 的 Demo

import json
import traceback
from kafka import KafkaProducer, KafkaConsumer
from kafka.errors import kafka_errors
 
def producer_demo():
    # 假设生产的消息为键值对(不是一定要键值对),且序列化方式为json
    producer = KafkaProducer(
        bootstrap_servers=['localhost:9092'],
        key_serializer=lambda k: json.dumps(k).encode(),
        value_serializer=lambda v: json.dumps(v).encode())
    # 发送三条消息
    for i in range(0, 3):
        future = producer.send(
            'kafka_demo',
            key='count_num',  # 同一个key值,会被送至同一个分区
            value=str(i),
            partition=1  # 向分区1发送消息
        )
        print("send {}".format(str(i)))
        try:
            future.get(timeout=10)  # 监控是否发送成功           
        except kafka_errors:  # 发送失败抛出kafka_errors
            traceback.format_exc()
 
def consumer_demo():
    consumer = KafkaConsumer(
        'kafka_demo',
        bootstrap_servers=':9092',
        group_id='test'
    )
    for message in consumer:
        print(
            f"receive, key: {json.loads(message.key.decode())}, "
            f"value: {json.loads(message.value.decode())}"
        )

十三、消费者进阶操作

(1)初始化参数:

列举一些 KafkaConsumer 初始化时的重要参数:

(2)手动 commit

def consumer_demo():
    consumer = KafkaConsumer(
        'kafka_demo', 
        bootstrap_servers=':9092',
        group_id='test',
        enable_auto_commit=False
    )
    for message in consumer:
        print(
            f"receive, key: {json.loads(message.key.decode())}, "
            f"value: {json.loads(message.value.decode())}"
        )
        consumer.commit()

(3)查看 kafka 堆积剩余量

        在线环境中,需要保证消费者的消费速度大于生产者的生产速度,所以需要检测 kafka 中的剩余堆积量是在增加还是减小。可以用如下代码,观测队列消息剩余量:

consumer = KafkaConsumer(topic, **kwargs)
partitions = [TopicPartition(topic, p) for p in consumer.partitions_for_topic(topic)]
 
print("start to cal offset:")
 
# total
toff = consumer.end_offsets(partitions)
toff = [(key.partition, toff[key]) for key in toff.keys()]
toff.sort()
print("total offset: {}".format(str(toff)))
 
# current
coff = [(x.partition, consumer.committed(x)) for x in partitions]
coff.sort()
print("current offset: {}".format(str(coff)))
 
# cal sum and left
toff_sum = sum([x[1] for x in toff])
cur_sum = sum([x[1] for x in coff if x[1] is not None])
left_sum = toff_sum - cur_sum
print("kafka left: {}".format(left_sum))

总结 

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