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Python使用MySQL8.2读写分离实现示例详解

作者:爱可生开源社区

在这篇文章中,我们将了解如何将 MySQL 8.2 的读写分离功能与 MySQL-Connector/Python 一起使用的方法示例详解,有需要的朋友可以借鉴参考下,希望能够有所帮助,祝大家多多进步,早日升职加薪

引言

如您所知,MySQL 8.2 发布了最令人期待的功能之一:读写分离

在这篇文章中,我们将了解如何将它与 MySQL-Connector/Python 一起使用。

架构

为了使用我们的 Python 程序,我们将使用 InnoDB Cluster。

以下是在 MySQL Shell 中查询 Cluster 的状态:

JS > cluster.status()
{
    "clusterName": "fred", 
    "defaultReplicaSet": {
        "name": "default", 
        "primary": "127.0.0.1:3310", 
        "ssl": "REQUIRED", 
        "status": "OK", 
        "statusText": "Cluster is ONLINE and can tolerate up to ONE failure.", 
        "topology": {
            "127.0.0.1:3310": {
                "address": "127.0.0.1:3310", 
                "memberRole": "PRIMARY", 
                "mode": "R/W", 
                "readReplicas": {}, 
                "replicationLag": "applier_queue_applied", 
                "role": "HA", 
                "status": "ONLINE", 
                "version": "8.2.0"
            }, 
            "127.0.0.1:3320": {
                "address": "127.0.0.1:3320", 
                "memberRole": "SECONDARY", 
                "mode": "R/O", 
                "readReplicas": {}, 
                "replicationLag": "applier_queue_applied", 
                "role": "HA", 
                "status": "ONLINE", 
                "version": "8.2.0"
            }, 
            "127.0.0.1:3330": {
                "address": "127.0.0.1:3330", 
                "memberRole": "SECONDARY", 
                "mode": "R/O", 
                "readReplicas": {}, 
                "replicationLag": "applier_queue_applied", 
                "role": "HA", 
                "status": "ONLINE", 
                "version": "8.2.0"
            }
        }, 
        "topologyMode": "Single-Primary"
    }, 
    "groupInformationSourceMember": "127.0.0.1:3310"
}

JS > cluster.listRouters()
{
    "clusterName": "fred", 
    "routers": {
        "dynabook::system": {
            "hostname": "dynabook", 
            "lastCheckIn": "2023-11-09 17:57:59", 
            "roPort": "6447", 
            "roXPort": "6449", 
            "rwPort": "6446", 
            "rwSplitPort": "6450", 
            "rwXPort": "6448", 
            "version": "8.2.0"
        }
    }
}

MySQL Connector/Python

Python 程序使用 MySQL-Connector/Python 8.2.0。

初始化测试脚本代码:

import mysql.connector
cnx = mysql.connector.connect(user='python',
                              passowrd='Passw0rd!Python',
                              host='127.0.0.1',
                              port='6450')
cursor = cnx.cursor()
query = ("""select member_role, @@port port
            from performance_schema.replication_group_members
            where member_id=@@server_uuid""")
for (role, port) in cursor:
    print("{} - {}".format(role, port))
cursor.close()
cnx.close()

我们可以测试一下:

$ python test_router.py
PRIMARY - 3310

很好,我们可以使用读/写分离端口(6540)连接到集群并执行查询……。哦 ?!但为什么我们会直达主实例呢?

我们不应该是去访问只读实例(副本实例)之一吗?

autocommit

Connector/Python 默认禁用自动提交(请参阅 MySQLConnection.autocommit 属性)。并且读写分离功能必须启用自动提交才能正常工作。

在第 8 行上方添加以下代码:

cnx.autocommit = True

然后我们可以再次运行该程序:

$ python test_router.py
SECONDARY - 3320
$ python test_router.py
SECONDARY - 3330

太棒了,达到预期效果工作!

查询属性

现在让我们看看如何在主节点上强制执行查询。

MySQL Router 提供了使用查询属性来强制执行读/写拆分决策的可能性:router.access_mode。

在执行查询 ( cursor.execute(query) ) 之前添加以下行:

cursor.add_attribute("router.access_mode", "read_write")

让我们再执行一次:

$ python test_router.py
PRIMARY - 3310

router.access_mode 可接受的值为:

测试 DML 语句

让我们尝试一些不同的东西,我们将向表中插入行。

我们将使用下表:

CREATE TABLE `t1` (
  `id` int unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `port` int DEFAULT NULL,
  `role` varchar(15) DEFAULT NULL,
  `timestamp` timestamp NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB ;

我们将使用以下 Python 脚本:

import mysql.connector
cnx = mysql.connector.connect(user='python',
                              password='Passw0rd!Python',
                              host='127.0.0.1',
                              port='6450',
                              database='test')
cnx.autocommit = True
cursor = cnx.cursor()
for i in range(3):
    query = ("""insert into t1 values(0, @@port, (
          select member_role
            from performance_schema.replication_group_members
            where member_id=@@server_uuid), now())""")
    cursor.execute(query)
cursor.close()
cnx.close()
for i in range(3):
    cnx = mysql.connector.connect(user='python',
                              password='Passw0rd!Python',
                              host='127.0.0.1',
                              port='6450',
                              database='test')
    cnx.autocommit = True
    cursor = cnx.cursor()
    query = ("""select *, @@port port_read from t1""")
    cursor.execute(query)
    for (id, port, role, timestamp, port_read) in cursor:
             print("{} : {}, {}, {} : read from {}".format(id,
                                             port,
                                             role,
                                             timestamp,
                                             port_read))
    cursor.close()
    cnx.close()

让我们执行它:

$ python test_router2.py
1 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 17:44:00 : read from 3330
2 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 17:44:00 : read from 3330
3 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 17:44:00 : read from 3330
1 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 18:44:00 : read from 3320
2 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 18:44:00 : read from 3320
3 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 18:44:00 : read from 3320
1 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 17:44:00 : read from 3330
2 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 17:44:00 : read from 3330
3 : 3310, PRIMARY, 2023-11-09 17:44:00 : read from 3330

我们可以看到没有错误,并且我们写入了主节点并从所有辅助节点读取。

请小心,如果在写入之前将 router.access_mode 的查询属性设置为 read_only(第 16 行),您将收到错误,因为副本节点上不允许写入:

_mysql_connector.MySQLInterfaceError: The MySQL server is running with the --super-read-only option so it cannot execute this statement

事务

现在我们要玩一下事务。我们创建一个新脚本来执行多个事务:

这是程序的源码:

import mysql.connector
cnx = mysql.connector.connect(user='python',
                              password='Passw0rd!Python',
                              host='127.0.0.1',
                              port='6450',
                              database='test')
cnx.autocommit = True
cursor = cnx.cursor()
query = ("""select member_role, @@port port
            from performance_schema.replication_group_members
            where member_id=@@server_uuid""")
cursor.execute(query)
for (role, port) in cursor:
    print("{} - {}".format(role, port))
cnx.start_transaction()
query = ("""select member_role, @@port port
            from performance_schema.replication_group_members
            where member_id=@@server_uuid""")
cursor.execute(query)
for (role, port) in cursor:
    print("{} - {}".format(role, port))
cnx.commit()
cnx.start_transaction(readonly=True)
query = ("""select member_role, @@port port
            from performance_schema.replication_group_members
            where member_id=@@server_uuid""")
cursor.execute(query)
for (role, port) in cursor:
    print("{} - {}".format(role, port))
cnx.commit()
cnx.start_transaction()
for i in range(3):
    query = ("""insert into t1 values(0, @@port, (
          select member_role
            from performance_schema.replication_group_members
            where member_id=@@server_uuid), now())""")
    cursor.execute(query)
cnx.rollback()
cursor.close()
cnx.close()

让我们执行脚本:

$ python test_router3.py
SECONDARY - 3320
PRIMARY - 3310
SECONDARY - 3320

我们可以看到,第一个操作到达了副本实例,第二个操作(即事务)到达了主节点。

只读事务到达副本节点。

对于作为我们回滚事务一部分的多次写入,我们没有收到任何错误。

结论

我们已经看到将 MySQL Connector/Python 与 MySQL 8.2 读写分离一起用于 InnoDB Cluster 是多么容易。

享受通过 MySQL Connector / Python 使用 MySQL 读写分离!更多关于Python MySQL8.2读写分离的资料请关注脚本之家其它相关文章!

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