Python绘图系统之绘制散点图,极坐标和子图
作者:微小冷
参考
一 三维绘图系统
二 多图绘制系统
新增散点图绘制
同一坐标系中绘制多个图像是很常见的需求,比如数据拟合的时候,用散点图表示原始数据,用曲线图来表示拟合结果。而这两组数据分别有其自身的绘图类别。
为了降低代码重复,最好还是新建一个控件,专门用于约定绘图类型。而且更加广泛地讲,除了散点图条形图这种,是二维还是三维,也可算在绘图类型里面。所以,这个绘图类型控件,至少包含两个ComboBox,这对于已经创建过AxisFrame和AxisList的我们来说,属于小儿科水平
class DrawType(ttk.Frame): # ws为两个combobox的宽 def __init__(self, master, types, slctType, slctDim="3", ws=None, **options): super().__init__(master, **options) self.pack() self.types = types # 绘图类型 self.dims = ("x", "xy", "xyz", "tx", "txy", "txyz") # 绘图维度 self.initVar(slctType, slctDim) self.initWidgets(ws) def initVar(self, slctType, slctDim): self.drawType = tk.StringVar() self.drawType.set(slctType) self.drawDim = tk.StringVar() if type(slctDim) != str: slctDim = self.dims[int(slctDim)] self.drawDim.set(slctDim) def initWidgets(self, ws): if ws==None: ws = [8, 3] vs = [self.drawType, self.drawDim] slcts = [self.types, self.dims] for i in range(2): slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=ws[i], textvariable=vs[i]) slct['value'] = slcts[i] slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT) def getType(self): return self.drawType.get() def getDim(self): return self.drawDim.get()
然后更改DrawSystem,主要是把setCtrlButtons(self, frm)函数的前两句改为
def setCtrlButtons(self, frm): self.drawTypeDim = DrawType(frm, self.TYPES, "点线图") self.drawTypeDim.pack(side=tk.LEFT) # ...
另一方面,两个ComboBox太大了,为了美观,把新增和删除两个按钮上的文字改为加号和减号。修改过后的UI如下
首先,在AxisList的初始化代码中添加初始化绘图类型的参数
def __init__(self, master, title, mode, widths, types, slctType, # 绘图类型Combobox的参数 **options): super().__init__(master, **options) self.pack() self.afs = {} self.data = {} self.initWidgets(title, widths) self.initFeature(types, slctType) self.initAxis(mode, widths)
由于更改是输入参数的个数,所以在DrawSystem中调用时,需要把types和slctType这两个参数补上。
然后在initFeature中添加drawTypeDim,
def initFeature(self, types, slctType): frm = ttk.Frame(self._c) frm.pack(pady=2, side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X) ttk.Button(frm, text="加载",width=5, command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT) self.drawTypeDim = DrawType(frm, types, slctType) self.vis = {L : True for L in 'txyz'} for flag in 'txyz': btn = ttk.Button(frm, text=flag, wid th=3) btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT) btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.btnAxisCollapse)
最后,更改绘图逻辑。简单起见,这里只挑选最经典的三种图像,即点线图、散点图和条形图。首先,创建一个全局变量字典,用于存放这些图像的名称及其对应的绘图函数
self.drawDct = { "点线图" : self.drawPlot, "散点图" : self.drawScatter, "条形图" : self.drawBar }
然后,考虑到每次绘图都需要读取AxisList中的绘图类型,进而需要分次调用绘图函数,所以创建窗口这一步也交给btnDrawImg函数,从而绘图函数就只剩下了完完全全的绘图功能。相关代码如下
def btnDrawImg(self): self.fig.clf() keys = self.drawTypeDim.getDim() p = '3d' if 'z' in keys else None ax = self.fig.add_subplot(projection=p) for al in self.als: data = self.readDatas(al) draw = self.drawDct[al.getDrawType()] draw(ax, data, keys) self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08) self.canvas.draw() def drawBar(self, ax, data, keys): ax.bar(data['x'], data['y']) def drawPlot(self, ax, data, keys): ax.plot(*[data[key] for key in keys]) def drawScatter(self, ax, data, keys): ax.scatter(*[data[key] for key in keys])
最后运行结果如下,分别绘制的散点图和曲线图。
绑定与回调
DrawType类可以设置绘图维度,而绘图维度其实就是坐标轴的个数。所以,一个比较合理的交互逻辑是,改选DrawType的维度后,坐标轴个数也该随之变化。为了实现这个功能,需要为ComboBox绑定一个事件,改动起来非常简单,只需在initWidgets最后加上一行就可以。
def initWidgets(self, ws): if ws==None: ws = [8, 3] slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=ws[0], textvariable=self.drawType) slct['value'] = self.types slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT) slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=ws[1], textvariable=self.drawDim) slct['value'] = self.dims slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT) slct.bind('<<ComboboxSelected>>', self.dimChanged)
接下来比较重要的则是self.dimChanged的定义。我们希望当Combobox改变时,是另一个控件的内容发生变化,所以self.dimChanged最好是其他控件传入的一个函数。故而需要更改DrawType的初始化函数,即添加一个func参数,然后把这个参数赋给self.dimChanged方法。
def __init__(self, master, types, slctType, slctDim="xyz", ws=None, func=None, **options): super().__init__(master, **options) #。。。 self.dimChanged = func # 。。。
最后,修改AxisList中初始化DrawType的语句
self.drawTypeDim = DrawType(frm, types, slctType, func=self.dimChanged)
并创建self.dimChanged函数,代码如下,逻辑是根据当前选择的维度来更新txyz这几个AxisFrame。
def dimChanged(self, evt): txyz = self.getDrawDim() for flag in 'txyz': self.vis[flag] = flag in txyz self.updateVisible() def updateVisible(self): for flag in 'txyz': self.afs[flag].pack_forget() for flag in 'txyz': if self.vis[flag]: self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X)
最后,在坐标轴创建时也应该遵循绘图维度和坐标个数之间的关系,这样打开软件或者新创建一组坐标的时候,就可以自动与绘图维度相匹配了。
def initAxis(self, mode, widths): for flag in 'txyz': self.afs[flag] = AxisFrame(self._c, flag, mode, widths) self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X) self.vis = {L : L in self.getDrawDim() for L in 'txyz'} self.updateVisible()
既然可以通过DrawType的回调函数来设置坐标轴,那么单个的x,y,z,t按钮旧没必要存在了。可以将AxisList中的相关代码全都删掉。
极坐标功能
用坐标个数来判断是否绘制三维图的确很直观,但从matplotlib的绘图逻辑来说却非如此,对于matplotlib来说,只有直角坐标是真实的,其他坐标都是数据在直角坐标上的投影罢了,这也是projection这个参数的来源。
所以,DrawType还有进一步升级的空间。即除了图表类型、参数个数之外,还可以加一个投影类型,即用于规范Projection参数。
投影和维度从设计方式来说是完全一致的,只需添加
self.projs = ("None", "3d", "polar")
在initVar中添加
self.drawDim = tk.StringVar() self.drawDim.set(dim)
在initWidgets中添加
slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=ws[1], textvariable=self.drawProj) slct['value'] = self.projs slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2)
并创建getProj函数
def getProj(self): return self.drawProj.get()
这个时候界面又变得臃肿了,所以再调整调整,最后效果为
下面更新绘图逻辑,尽管只是多了一个设定坐标映射的功能,但从可扩展性的角度触发,还是新建一个专门设置坐标轴的函数比较好。故而在DrawSystem中添加setDrawAxis函数
def setDrawAxis(self): p = self.drawTypeDim.getProj() if p == "None": ax = self.fig.add_subplot() else: ax = self.fig.add_subplot(projection=p) return ax
然后发现了一个小bug,就是无论在绘图时是否使用z轴坐标,但会一并读取z轴数据,这里稍作改善,将readDatas中的循环改为
for flag in self.drawTypeDim.getDim():
这样就可以绘制极坐标图了
子图绘制功能
之前在添加DrawType控件的时候,不仅添加了全局控件,而且每个AxisList也都添加了,这可不是乱添加的,而是为了后续的功能,即子图绘制。如果一个窗口中有多组坐标轴,那么每个坐标轴都应该有相应的图像。
这个显然属于绘图类型的范畴,所以第一步还是更新DrawType类,添加一个sub参数,用以约束子图的位置
def __init__(self, master, types, slctType, sub='111', slctDim="xyz", slctProj='3d', ws=None, func=None, **options):
尽管组件类型不同,但创建流程一致,先改initVar,然后在initWidgets中添加Entry。
def initVar(self, sub, slctType, dim, proj): self.drawSub = tk.StringVar() self.drawSub.set(sub) # .... # 后面是类型、维度、投影 def initWidgets(self, ws, sub): if ws==None: ws = [5, 5, 5, 3] eny = ttk.Entry(self, width=ws[0], textvariable=self.drawSub) eny.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2) # ... # 注意后面创建combobox时ws后移
然后再给出一个get函数
def getSub(self): return self.drawSub.get()
而且对应AxisList中也要添加get函数,并且补上之前未添加的getProj函数
def getSub(self): return self.drawTypeDim.getSub() def getProj(self): return self.drawTypeDim.getProj()
在 initVar
中,几乎出现了4行一摸一样的代码,为了让其更加简洁,可以稍作修改
def initVar(self, sub, slctType, dim, proj): kv = {"sub":sub, "type":slctType, "dim":dim, "proj": proj} self.drawVars = {key:tk.StringVar() for key in kv} for key in drawVars: drawVars[key].set(kv[key])
然后把之前的注入self.drawSub, self.drawType, self.drawDim, self.drawProj等变量,均改写为self.drawVars字典调用的形式。类似getSub之类的函数非常容易修改,只要替换一下即可。而initWidgets,则和initVar一样,可以写得更加精简,具体改动较多,这里旧不贴代码了。
这里小小地声明一下,这种极致缩短代码行数的写法,在团队协作的时候并不提倡。
到目前为止,在DrawType中,最核心的四个参数就是子图类别、绘图类型、数据维度以及投影。换言之,只要有了这四个参数,那么理论上就可以得到一个DrawType的对象。
在DrawSystem中,除了每个AxisList有其自身的DrawType之外,还有一个全局的DrawType,但现在这两者之间并没有任何联系。一个比较好的设计逻辑是,新建AxisList的时候,以全局的DrawType为模板。
所以,可将这四个参数写成一个字典,用于参数的传递。所以首先在DrawType类中添加函数
def getDct(self): return {key:self.drawVars[key].get() for key in self.drawVars}
然后修改其初始化参数
def __init__(self, master, types, varDct = {"sub":"111", "type":'点线图', "dim":"xyz", "proj": "3d"}, ws=None, func=None, **options):
相应地更改 initVar
def initVar(self, varDct): self.drawVars = {key:tk.StringVar() for key in varDct} for key in self.drawVars: self.drawVars[key].set(varDct[key])
这个改动导致接口发生变化,更要命的是AxisList的初始化参数也要传给DrawType,所以牵一发而动全身,包括AxilList以及DrawSystem,所有涉及到的代码都要修改。
由于每个子图都有其自身的坐标轴,为了让绘图井然有序,需要来一个全局的坐标轴字典,并在坐标轴设置函数中调用
def setDrawAxis(self, al): sub = int(al.getSub()) if sub in self.axDct: return self.axDct[sub] p = al.getProj() if p == "None": self.axDct[sub] = self.fig.add_subplot(sub) else: self.axDct[sub] = self.fig.add_subplot(sub, projection=p) return self.axDct[sub]
绘图函数为
def btnDrawImg(self): self.fig.clf() keys = self.drawTypeDim.getDim() self.axDct = {} for al in self.als: ax = self.setDrawAxis(al) data = self.readDatas(al) draw = self.drawDct[al.getDrawType()] draw(ax, data, keys) self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08) self.canvas.draw()
最后效果如下
源代码
import tkinter as tk import tkinter.ttk as ttk from tkinter.filedialog import askopenfilename import matplotlib as mpl mpl.use('TkAgg') import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from matplotlib.backends.backend_tkagg import ( FigureCanvasTkAgg, NavigationToolbar2Tk) from matplotlib.figure import Figure import numpy as np class AxisFrame(ttk.Frame): # widths 是每个控件的宽度 def __init__(self, master, label, mode, widths, **options): super().__init__(master, **options) self.pack() self.label = label self.initVar(mode) self.initWidgets(widths) def initVar(self, mode): self.MODES = ("序列化", "源代码", "外部导入", "无数据") self.mode = tk.StringVar() self.setMode(mode) def initWidgets(self, widths): tk.Label(self, text=self.label, width=widths[0]).pack(side=tk.LEFT) self.slct = ttk.Combobox(self, width=widths[1], textvariable=self.mode) self.slct['value'] = self.MODES self.slct.pack(side=tk.LEFT) self.entry = tk.Entry(self, width=widths[2]) self.entry.pack(padx=5, side=tk.LEFT, fill=tk.X) def setText(self, text): self.entry.delete(0, "end") self.entry.insert(0, text) def get(self): return self.entry.get() def setMode(self, mode): if type(mode) != str: mode = self.MODES[mode] self.mode.set(mode) def setData(self, data=None, **txyz): if self.mode.get() == "序列化": return self.getArray() elif self.mode.get() == "外部导入": return self.loadData(data) else: return self.readPython(**txyz) def readPython(self, t=None, x=None, y=None, z=None): self.data = eval(self.get()) return self.data def loadData(self, data): if type(data) != type(None): self.data = data return self.data def getArray(self): val = self.get() self.data = eval(f"np.linspace({val})") return self.data class AxisList(ttk.Frame): def __init__(self, master, title, mode, widths, types, typeDct, # 绘图类型Combobox的参数 **options): super().__init__(master, **options) self.pack() self.afs = {} self.data = {} self.initWidgets(title, widths) self.initFeature(types, typeDct) self.initAxis(mode, widths) def initWidgets(self, title, widths): self.btn = ttk.Button(self, text=title, width=sum(widths)+5, command=self.Click) self.btn.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X, expand=tk.YES) self._c = ttk.Frame(self) self.collapsed = True self.Click() def initFeature(self, types, typeDct): frm = ttk.Frame(self._c) frm.pack(pady=2, side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X) ttk.Button(frm, text="加载",width=5, command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT) self.drawTypeDim = DrawType(frm, types, typeDct, func=self.dimChanged) self.drawTypeDim.pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2) self.vis = {L : True for L in 'txyz'} def dimChanged(self, evt): txyz = self.getDrawDim() for flag in 'txyz': self.vis[flag] = flag in txyz self.updateVisible() def updateVisible(self): for flag in 'txyz': self.afs[flag].pack_forget() for flag in 'txyz': if self.vis[flag]: self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X) def getSub(self): return self.drawTypeDim.getSub() def getProj(self): return self.drawTypeDim.getProj() def getDrawType(self): return self.drawTypeDim.getType() def getDrawDim(self): return self.drawTypeDim.getDim() def initAxis(self, mode, widths): for flag in 'txyz': self.afs[flag] = AxisFrame(self._c, flag, mode, widths) self.afs[flag].pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X) self.vis = {L : L in self.getDrawDim() for L in 'txyz'} self.updateVisible() def btnLoadData(self): name = askopenfilename() data = np.genfromtxt(name) for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'): if i >= data.shape[1]: return self.setOneMode(flag, "外部导入") self.data[flag] = self.setData(flag, data[:,i]) def Click(self): if self.collapsed: self._c.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.BOTH, expand=tk.YES) else: self._c.pack_forget() self.collapsed = not self.collapsed def setData(self, flag, data=None, **options): return self.afs[flag].setData(data, **options) def setOneMode(self, flag, mode): self.afs[flag].setMode(mode) # 绘图类型和维度 # varDct 的格式是 {"sub":sub, "type":slctType, "dim":dim, "proj": proj} class DrawType(ttk.Frame): # ws为两个combobox的宽 def __init__(self, master, types, varDct = {"sub":"111", "type":'点线图', "dim":"xyz", "proj": "3d"}, ws=None, func=None, **options): super().__init__(master, **options) self.pack() self.dimChanged = func self.initVar(varDct) self.initWidgets(ws, types) def initVar(self, varDct): self.drawVars = {key:tk.StringVar() for key in varDct} for key in self.drawVars: self.drawVars[key].set(varDct[key]) def initWidgets(self, ws, types): if ws==None: ws = [5, 5, 5, 3] slctDct = {'type':types, 'proj': ("None", "3d", "polar"), 'dim' : ("x", "xy", "xyz", "tx", "txy", "txyz")} # 绘图维度 keys = ['sub', 'type', 'proj', 'dim'] wDct = {} # 控件字典 # 此为设置子图的Entry控件 wDct['sub'] = ttk.Entry(self, width=ws[0], textvariable=self.drawVars['sub']) for i, key in enumerate(keys[1:], 1): wDct[key] = ttk.Combobox(self, width=ws[i], textvariable=self.drawVars[key]) wDct[key]['value'] = slctDct[key] for key in keys: wDct[key].pack(side=tk.LEFT, padx=2) wDct['dim'].bind('<<ComboboxSelected>>', self.dimChanged) def getSub(self): return self.drawVars['sub'].get() def getType(self): return self.drawVars['type'].get() def getDim(self): return self.drawVars['dim'].get() def getProj(self): return self.drawVars['proj'].get() def getDct(self): return {key:self.drawVars[key].get() for key in self.drawVars} # 子图类型 class DrawTypeSub(DrawType): pass class DarwSystem(): def __init__(self): self.root = tk.Tk() self.root.title("数据展示工具") self.data = {} self.als = [] self.initConst() self.setFrmCtrl() frmFig = ttk.Frame(self.root) frmFig.pack(side=tk.LEFT,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES) self.setFrmFig(frmFig) self.root.mainloop() def initConst(self): self.TYPES = ("点线图", "散点图", "条形图") self.drawDct = { "点线图" : self.drawPlot, "散点图" : self.drawScatter, "条形图" : self.drawBar } def setFrmCtrl(self): frmCtrl = ttk.Frame(self.root,width=320) frmCtrl.pack(side=tk.RIGHT, fill=tk.Y) frm = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl, width=320) frm.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X) self.setCtrlButtons(frm) self.frmAxis = ttk.Frame(frmCtrl) self.frmAxis.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X) self.addLast(None) # ! 工具栏 def setCtrlButtons(self, frm): self.drawTypeDim = DrawType(frm, self.TYPES) self.drawTypeDim.pack(side=tk.LEFT) ttk.Button(frm, text="📈",width=3, command=self.btnDrawImg).pack(side=tk.LEFT) ttk.Button(frm, text="📂",width=3, command=self.btnLoadData).pack(side=tk.LEFT) btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="+", width=3) btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT) btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.addLast) btn = ttk.Button(frm, text="-", width=3) btn.pack(side=tk.LEFT) btn.bind("<Button-1>", self.deleteLast) def addLast(self, evt): title = f"坐标{len(self.als)}" al = AxisList(self.frmAxis, title, 1, [5,10,30], self.TYPES, self.drawTypeDim.getDct()) al.pack(side=tk.TOP, fill=tk.X) self.als.append(al) def deleteLast(self, evt): self.als[-1].pack_forget() del self.als[-1] def btnLoadData(self): name = askopenfilename() data = np.genfromtxt(name) for i, flag in enumerate('xyz'): if i >= data.shape[1]: return self.AL.setOneMode(flag, "外部导入") self.data[flag] = self.AL.setData(flag, data[:,i]) def readDatas(self, al): dct = {} data = {} for flag in self.drawTypeDim.getDim(): data[flag] = al.setData(flag, **dct) dct[flag] = data[flag] return data def setDrawAxis(self, al): sub = int(al.getSub()) print(sub) if sub in self.axDct: return self.axDct[sub] p = al.getProj() if p == "None": ax = self.fig.add_subplot(sub) else: ax = self.fig.add_subplot(sub, projection=p) return ax def btnDrawImg(self): self.fig.clf() keys = self.drawTypeDim.getDim() self.axDct = {} for al in self.als: ax = self.setDrawAxis(al) data = self.readDatas(al) draw = self.drawDct[al.getDrawType()] draw(ax, data, keys) self.fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.1, right=0.95, top=0.95, bottom=0.08) self.canvas.draw() def drawBar(self, ax, data, keys): ax.bar(data['x'], data['y']) def drawPlot(self, ax, data, keys): ax.plot(*[data[key] for key in keys]) def drawScatter(self, ax, data, keys): ax.scatter(*[data[key] for key in keys]) def setFrmFig(self, frmFig): self.fig = Figure() self.canvas = FigureCanvasTkAgg(self.fig,frmFig) self.canvas.get_tk_widget().pack( side=tk.TOP,fill=tk.BOTH,expand=tk.YES) self.toolbar = NavigationToolbar2Tk(self.canvas,frmFig, pack_toolbar=False) self.toolbar.update() self.toolbar.pack(side=tk.RIGHT) if __name__ == "__main__": test = DarwSystem()
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