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Python中迭代器的创建与使用详解

作者:python收藏家

Python中的迭代器是一个对象,用于迭代可迭代对象,如列表,元组,字典和集合,这篇文章主要为大家介绍了Python中迭代器的创建与使用,需要的可以参考下

Python中的迭代器是一个对象,用于迭代可迭代对象,如列表,元组,字典和集合。Python迭代器对象使用iter()方法初始化。它使用next()方法进行迭代。

Python iter()示例

string = "GFG"
ch_iterator = iter(string)
print(next(ch_iterator))
print(next(ch_iterator))
print(next(ch_iterator))

输出

G
F
G

使用iter()和next()创建迭代器

下面是一个简单的Python迭代器,它创建了一个从10到给定限制的迭代器类型。例如,如果限制是15,则它会打印10 11 12 13 14 15。如果限制是5,则它不打印任何内容。

# An iterable user defined type
class Test:
    # Constructor
    def __init__(self, limit):
        self.limit = limit
    # Creates iterator object
    # Called when iteration is initialized
    def __iter__(self):
        self.x = 10
        return self
    # To move to next element. In Python 3,
    # we should replace next with __next__
    def __next__(self):
        # Store current value ofx
        x = self.x
        # Stop iteration if limit is reached
        if x > self.limit:
            raise StopIteration
        # Else increment and return old value
        self.x = x + 1;
        return x
# Prints numbers from 10 to 15
for i in Test(15):
    print(i)
# Prints nothing
for i in Test(5):
    print(i)

输出

10
11
12
13
14
15

使用iter方法迭代内置迭代器

在下面的迭代中,迭代状态和迭代器变量是内部管理的(我们看不到它),使用迭代器对象遍历内置的可迭代对象,如列表,元组,字典等。

# Iterating over a list
print("List Iteration")
l = ["geeks", "for", "geeks"]
for i in l:
    print(i)
# Iterating over a tuple (immutable)
print("\nTuple Iteration")
t = ("geeks", "for", "geeks")
for i in t:
    print(i)
# Iterating over a String
print("\nString Iteration")   
s = "Geeks"
for i in s :
    print(i)
# Iterating over dictionary
print("\nDictionary Iteration")  
d = dict()
d['xyz'] = 123
d['abc'] = 345
for i in d :
    print("%s  %d" %(i, d[i]))

输出

List Iteration
geeks
for
geeks

Tuple Iteration
geeks
for
geeks

String Iteration
G
e
e
k
s

Dictionary Iteration
xyz  123
abc  345

可迭代 vs 迭代器(Iterable vs Iterator)

Python中可迭代对象和迭代器不同。它们之间的主要区别是,Python中的可迭代对象不能保存迭代的状态,而在迭代器中,当前迭代的状态被保存。
注意:每个迭代器也是一个可迭代对象,但不是每个可迭代对象都是Python中的迭代器。

可迭代对象上迭代

tup = ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
for item in tup:
    print(item)

输出

a
b
c
d
e

在迭代器上迭代

tup = ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
# creating an iterator from the tuple
tup_iter = iter(tup)
print("Inside loop:")
# iterating on each item of the iterator object
for index, item in enumerate(tup_iter):
    print(item)
    # break outside loop after iterating on 3 elements
    if index == 2:
        break
# we can print the remaining items to be iterated using next()
# thus, the state was saved
print("Outside loop:")
print(next(tup_iter))
print(next(tup_iter))

输出

Inside loop:
a
b
c
Outside loop:
d
e

使用迭代器时出现StopIteration错误

Python中的Iterable可以迭代多次,但当所有项都已迭代时,迭代器会引发StopIteration Error。

在这里,我们试图在for循环完成后从迭代器中获取下一个元素。由于迭代器已经耗尽,它会引发StopIteration Exception。然而,使用一个可迭代对象,我们可以使用for循环多次迭代,或者可以使用索引获取项。

iterable = (1, 2, 3, 4)
iterator_obj = iter(iterable)
print("Iterable loop 1:")
# iterating on iterable
for item in iterable:
    print(item, end=",")
print("\nIterable Loop 2:")
for item in iterable:
    print(item, end=",")
print("\nIterating on an iterator:")
# iterating on an iterator object multiple times
for item in iterator_obj:
    print(item, end=",")
print("\nIterator: Outside loop")
# this line will raise StopIteration Exception
# since all items are iterated in the previous for-loop
print(next(iterator_obj))

输出

Iterable loop 1:
1,2,3,4,
Iterable Loop 2:
1,2,3,4,
Iterating on an iterator:
1,2,3,4,
Iterator: Outside loop

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "scratch_1.py", line 21, in <module>
    print(next(iterator_obj))
StopIteration

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