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Java多线程从基础到高级应用示例小结

作者:星河耀银海

本章介绍了Java多线程编程的基础知识,包括线程的创建与管理、线程同步、线程通信和线程池,重点内容包括线程的三种创建方式,通过本章的学习,读者掌握了Java多线程编程的基本技能,感兴趣的朋友跟随小编一起看看吧

Java多线程:从基础到高级应用

11.1 多线程概述

11.1.1 学习目标与重点提示

学习目标:理解多线程的基本概念,掌握线程的创建与管理方法,了解线程同步与通信的实现方式,掌握线程池的使用方法。
重点:线程的创建方式(继承Thread类、实现Runnable接口、使用Callable和Future)线程同步(synchronized、Lock)线程通信(wait/notify、await/signal)线程池(Executor、ThreadPoolExecutor)

11.1.2 多线程的基本概念

进程:一个正在运行的程序,包含代码、数据和资源。
线程:进程内部的一个执行单元,共享进程的资源。
多线程:一个进程包含多个线程,同时执行多个任务。

多线程的优势:

多线程的劣势:

11.2 线程的创建与管理

Java中创建线程的方式有三种:继承Thread类、实现Runnable接口、使用Callable和Future。

11.2.1 继承Thread类

定义:继承Thread类,重写run()方法,创建Thread子类的对象,调用start()方法启动线程。
示例

class MyThread extends Thread {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + i);
        }
    }
}
public class TestThread {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyThread thread1 = new MyThread();
        MyThread thread2 = new MyThread();
        thread1.start();
        thread2.start();
    }
}

输出结果

Thread-0: 0
Thread-0: 1
Thread-1: 0
Thread-1: 1
Thread-0: 2
Thread-0: 3
Thread-1: 2
Thread-0: 4
Thread-1: 3
Thread-0: 5
Thread-0: 6
Thread-1: 4
Thread-0: 7
Thread-1: 5
Thread-0: 8
Thread-0: 9
Thread-1: 6
Thread-1: 7
Thread-1: 8
Thread-1: 9

✅ 结论:继承Thread类的方式简单,但Java不支持多继承,因此这种方式有局限性。

11.2.2 实现Runnable接口

定义:实现Runnable接口,重写run()方法,创建Runnable接口的实现类的对象,将该对象作为参数传递给Thread类的构造方法,调用start()方法启动线程。
示例

class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + i);
        }
    }
}
public class TestRunnable {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyRunnable runnable = new MyRunnable();
        Thread thread1 = new Thread(runnable);
        Thread thread2 = new Thread(runnable);
        thread1.start();
        thread2.start();
    }
}

输出结果

Thread-0: 0
Thread-0: 1
Thread-1: 0
Thread-1: 1
Thread-0: 2
Thread-0: 3
Thread-1: 2
Thread-0: 4
Thread-1: 3
Thread-0: 5
Thread-0: 6
Thread-1: 4
Thread-0: 7
Thread-1: 5
Thread-0: 8
Thread-0: 9
Thread-1: 6
Thread-1: 7
Thread-1: 8
Thread-1: 9

✅ 结论:实现Runnable接口的方式避免了Java不支持多继承的限制,但无法返回线程执行结果。

11.2.3 使用Callable和Future

定义:实现Callable接口,重写call()方法,创建Callable接口的实现类的对象,将该对象作为参数传递给FutureTask类的构造方法,将FutureTask类的对象作为参数传递给Thread类的构造方法,调用start()方法启动线程,通过FutureTask类的get()方法获取线程执行结果。
示例

import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
class MyCallable implements Callable<Integer> {
    @Override
    public Integer call() throws Exception {
        int sum = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i <= 100; i++) {
            sum += i;
        }
        return sum;
    }
}
public class TestCallable {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyCallable callable = new MyCallable();
        FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<>(callable);
        Thread thread = new Thread(futureTask);
        thread.start();
        try {
            int result = futureTask.get();
            System.out.println("1到100的和:" + result);
        } catch (InterruptedException | ExecutionException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

输出结果

1到100的和:5050

✅ 结论:使用Callable和Future的方式可以返回线程执行结果,但需要使用FutureTask类。

11.3 线程同步

线程同步是指多个线程同时访问共享资源时,保证资源的一致性和正确性。

11.3.1 synchronized关键字

定义:synchronized关键字用于实现线程同步,分为同步方法和同步块。
示例

class Count {
    private int count = 0;
    public synchronized void increment() {
        count++;
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + count);
    }
}
class MyThread extends Thread {
    private Count count;
    public MyThread(Count count) {
        this.count = count;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            count.increment();
            try {
                Thread.sleep(100);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
}
public class TestSynchronized {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Count count = new Count();
        MyThread thread1 = new MyThread(count);
        MyThread thread2 = new MyThread(count);
        thread1.start();
        thread2.start();
    }
}

输出结果

Thread-0: 1
Thread-1: 2
Thread-0: 3
Thread-1: 4
Thread-0: 5
Thread-1: 6
Thread-0: 7
Thread-1: 8
Thread-0: 9
Thread-1: 10
Thread-0: 11
Thread-1: 12
Thread-0: 13
Thread-1: 14
Thread-0: 15
Thread-1: 16
Thread-0: 17
Thread-1: 18
Thread-0: 19
Thread-1: 20

✅ 结论:synchronized关键字可以保证线程同步,但性能较低。

11.3.2 Lock接口

定义:Lock接口用于实现线程同步,提供了更灵活的同步方式,如可重入锁、读写锁等。
示例

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
class Count {
    private int count = 0;
    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    public void increment() {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            count++;
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": " + count);
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }
}
class MyThread extends Thread {
    private Count count;
    public MyThread(Count count) {
        this.count = count;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            count.increment();
            try {
                Thread.sleep(100);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }
}
public class TestLock {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Count count = new Count();
        MyThread thread1 = new MyThread(count);
        MyThread thread2 = new MyThread(count);
        thread1.start();
        thread2.start();
    }
}

输出结果

Thread-0: 1
Thread-1: 2
Thread-0: 3
Thread-1: 4
Thread-0: 5
Thread-1: 6
Thread-0: 7
Thread-1: 8
Thread-0: 9
Thread-1: 10
Thread-0: 11
Thread-1: 12
Thread-0: 13
Thread-1: 14
Thread-0: 15
Thread-1: 16
Thread-0: 17
Thread-1: 18
Thread-0: 19
Thread-1: 20

✅ 结论:Lock接口可以提供更灵活的同步方式,但需要手动释放锁。

11.4 线程通信

线程通信是指多个线程之间的协作,如生产者-消费者模型。

11.4.1 wait/notify方法

定义:wait/notify方法用于实现线程通信,wait()方法使线程进入等待状态,notify()方法唤醒等待的线程。
示例

class Warehouse {
    private int count = 0;
    private final int MAX_COUNT = 10;
    public synchronized void produce() throws InterruptedException {
        while (count == MAX_COUNT) {
            wait();
        }
        count++;
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": 生产了一个产品,当前产品数量:" + count);
        notifyAll();
    }
    public synchronized void consume() throws InterruptedException {
        while (count == 0) {
            wait();
        }
        count--;
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": 消费了一个产品,当前产品数量:" + count);
        notifyAll();
    }
}
class Producer extends Thread {
    private Warehouse warehouse;
    public Producer(Warehouse warehouse) {
        this.warehouse = warehouse;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
                warehouse.produce();
                Thread.sleep(100);
            }
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}
class Consumer extends Thread {
    private Warehouse warehouse;
    public Consumer(Warehouse warehouse) {
        this.warehouse = warehouse;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
                warehouse.consume();
                Thread.sleep(100);
            }
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}
public class TestWaitNotify {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Warehouse warehouse = new Warehouse();
        Producer producer1 = new Producer(warehouse);
        Producer producer2 = new Producer(warehouse);
        Consumer consumer1 = new Consumer(warehouse);
        Consumer consumer2 = new Consumer(warehouse);
        producer1.start();
        producer2.start();
        consumer1.start();
        consumer2.start();
    }
}

输出结果

Thread-0: 生产了一个产品,当前产品数量:1
Thread-1: 生产了一个产品,当前产品数量:2
Thread-2: 消费了一个产品,当前产品数量:1
Thread-3: 消费了一个产品,当前产品数量:0
Thread-0: 生产了一个产品,当前产品数量:1
Thread-1: 生产了一个产品,当前产品数量:2
Thread-2: 消费了一个产品,当前产品数量:1
Thread-3: 消费了一个产品,当前产品数量:0
...

✅ 结论:wait/notify方法可以实现线程通信,但需要在同步块中使用。

11.4.2 await/signal方法

定义:await/signal方法用于实现线程通信,await()方法使线程进入等待状态,signal()方法唤醒等待的线程。
示例

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
class Warehouse {
    private int count = 0;
    private final int MAX_COUNT = 10;
    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    private Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
    public void produce() throws InterruptedException {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            while (count == MAX_COUNT) {
                condition.await();
            }
            count++;
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": 生产了一个产品,当前产品数量:" + count);
            condition.signalAll();
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }
    public void consume() throws InterruptedException {
        lock.lock();
        try {
            while (count == 0) {
                condition.await();
            }
            count--;
            System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": 消费了一个产品,当前产品数量:" + count);
            condition.signalAll();
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }
}
class Producer extends Thread {
    private Warehouse warehouse;
    public Producer(Warehouse warehouse) {
        this.warehouse = warehouse;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
                warehouse.produce();
                Thread.sleep(100);
            }
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}
class Consumer extends Thread {
    private Warehouse warehouse;
    public Consumer(Warehouse warehouse) {
        this.warehouse = warehouse;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
                warehouse.consume();
                Thread.sleep(100);
            }
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}
public class TestAwaitSignal {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Warehouse warehouse = new Warehouse();
        Producer producer1 = new Producer(warehouse);
        Producer producer2 = new Producer(warehouse);
        Consumer consumer1 = new Consumer(warehouse);
        Consumer consumer2 = new Consumer(warehouse);
        producer1.start();
        producer2.start();
        consumer1.start();
        consumer2.start();
    }
}

输出结果

Thread-0: 生产了一个产品,当前产品数量:1
Thread-1: 生产了一个产品,当前产品数量:2
Thread-2: 消费了一个产品,当前产品数量:1
Thread-3: 消费了一个产品,当前产品数量:0
Thread-0: 生产了一个产品,当前产品数量:1
Thread-1: 生产了一个产品,当前产品数量:2
Thread-2: 消费了一个产品,当前产品数量:1
Thread-3: 消费了一个产品,当前产品数量:0
...

✅ 结论:await/signal方法可以提供更灵活的线程通信方式,但需要使用Lock接口。

11.5 线程池

线程池是一种管理线程的方式,用于减少线程的创建和销毁开销。

11.5.1 Executor框架

定义:Executor框架是Java提供的线程池管理框架,包括Executor、ExecutorService、ThreadPoolExecutor等类。
示例

import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
    private int taskId;
    public MyRunnable(int taskId) {
        this.taskId = taskId;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": 执行任务" + taskId);
        try {
            Thread.sleep(100);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + ": 任务" + taskId + "完成");
    }
}
public class TestExecutor {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 创建线程池
        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(3);
        // 提交任务
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            executorService.submit(new MyRunnable(i));
        }
        // 关闭线程池
        executorService.shutdown();
    }
}

输出结果

pool-1-thread-1: 执行任务0
pool-1-thread-2: 执行任务1
pool-1-thread-3: 执行任务2
pool-1-thread-1: 任务0完成
pool-1-thread-1: 执行任务3
pool-1-thread-2: 任务1完成
pool-1-thread-2: 执行任务4
pool-1-thread-3: 任务2完成
pool-1-thread-3: 执行任务5
pool-1-thread-1: 任务3完成
pool-1-thread-1: 执行任务6
pool-1-thread-2: 任务4完成
pool-1-thread-2: 执行任务7
pool-1-thread-3: 任务5完成
pool-1-thread-3: 执行任务8
pool-1-thread-1: 任务6完成
pool-1-thread-1: 执行任务9
pool-1-thread-2: 任务7完成
pool-1-thread-3: 任务8完成
pool-1-thread-1: 任务9完成

✅ 结论:Executor框架可以方便地管理线程池,但需要根据实际需求选择合适的线程池类型。

总结

本章我们学习了Java的多线程,包括线程的创建与管理、线程同步、线程通信、线程池等内容。其中,线程的创建方式(继承Thread类、实现Runnable接口、使用Callable和Future)、线程同步(synchronized、Lock)、线程通信(wait/notify、await/signal)、线程池(Executor、ThreadPoolExecutor)是本章的重点内容。从下一章开始,我们将学习Java的网络编程、数据库编程等内容。

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