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Spring Boot集成JWT实现无状态认证与授权方式

2025-11-18 09:27:13 作者：软件职业规划

本文介绍了如何在SpringBoot中集成JWT实现无状态认证与授权,主要步骤包括添加依赖、配置JWT工具类、配置SpringSecurity、创建JWT请求过滤器、创建认证和授权接口、创建用户详情服务以及配置JWT密钥,本文给大家介绍的非常详细,感兴趣的朋友跟随小编一起看看吧

在Spring Boot中集成JWT（JSON Web Token）是一种常见的身份验证和授权方式。JWT是一种无状态的、基于令牌的认证机制，可以用于保护API接口的安全性。

1. 添加依赖

首先，在pom.xml文件中添加JWT相关的依赖。通常使用java-jwt库或JJWT库。这里以JJWT为例：

<dependency>
    <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
    <artifactId>jjwt</artifactId>
    <version>0.9.1</version>
</dependency>

如果使用Spring Security，还需要添加Spring Security的依赖：

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
    <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-security</artifactId>
</dependency>

2. 配置JWT工具类

创建一个工具类来处理JWT的生成、解析和验证。

import io.jsonwebtoken.Claims;
import io.jsonwebtoken.Jwts;
import io.jsonwebtoken.SignatureAlgorithm;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.function.Function;
@Component
public class JwtUtil {
    @Value("${jwt.secret}")
    private String secret;
    public String extractUsername(String token) {
        return extractClaim(token, Claims::getSubject);
    }
    public Date extractExpiration(String token) {
        return extractClaim(token, Claims::getExpiration);
    }
    public <T> T extractClaim(String token, Function<Claims, T> claimsResolver) {
        final Claims claims = extractAllClaims(token);
        return claimsResolver.apply(claims);
    }
    private Claims extractAllClaims(String token) {
        return Jwts.parser().setSigningKey(secret).parseClaimsJws(token).getBody();
    }
    private Boolean isTokenExpired(String token) {
        return extractExpiration(token).before(new Date());
    }
    public String generateToken(String username) {
        Map<String, Object> claims = new HashMap<>();
        return createToken(claims, username);
    }
    private String createToken(Map<String, Object> claims, String subject) {
        return Jwts.builder()
                .setClaims(claims)
                .setSubject(subject)
                .setIssuedAt(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()))
                .setExpiration(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 1000 * 60 * 60 * 10)) // 10小时
                .signWith(SignatureAlgorithm.HS256, secret)
                .compact();
    }
    public Boolean validateToken(String token, String username) {
        final String extractedUsername = extractUsername(token);
        return (extractedUsername.equals(username) && !isTokenExpired(token));
    }
}

3. 配置Spring Security

创建一个SecurityConfig类来配置Spring Security，使其支持JWT认证。

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.AuthenticationManager;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.authentication.builders.AuthenticationManagerBuilder;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.EnableWebSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter;
import org.springframework.security.config.http.SessionCreationPolicy;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetailsService;
import org.springframework.security.crypto.bcrypt.BCryptPasswordEncoder;
import org.springframework.security.crypto.password.PasswordEncoder;
@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {
    @Autowired
    private JwtRequestFilter jwtRequestFilter;
    @Autowired
    private UserDetailsService userDetailsService;
    @Override
    protected void configure(AuthenticationManagerBuilder auth) throws Exception {
        auth.userDetailsService(userDetailsService).passwordEncoder(passwordEncoder());
    }
    @Override
    protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http
                .csrf().disable()
                .authorizeRequests()
                .antMatchers("/authenticate").permitAll()
                .anyRequest().authenticated()
                .and()
                .sessionManagement().sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS);
       .add httpFilterBefore(jwtRequestFilter, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class);
    }
    @Override
    @Bean
    public AuthenticationManager authenticationManagerBean() throws Exception {
        return super.authenticationManagerBean();
    }
    @Bean
    public PasswordEncoder passwordEncoder() {
        return new BCryptPasswordEncoder();
    }
}

4. 创建JWT请求过滤器

创建一个JwtRequestFilter类，用于在每个请求中解析JWT，并将其设置到Spring Security上下文中。

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken;
import org.springframework.security.core.context.SecurityContextHolder;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;
import org.springframework.security.web.authentication.WebAuthenticationDetailsSource;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter;
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
@Component
public class JwtRequestFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
    @Autowired
    private JwtUtil jwtUtil;
    @Autowired
    private UserDetailsService userDetailsService;
    @Override
    protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, FilterChain chain)
            throws ServletException, IOException {
        final String authorizationHeader = request.getHeader("Authorization");
        String username = null;
        String jwt = null;
        if (authorizationHeader != null && authorizationHeader.startsWith("Bearer ")) {
            jwt = authorizationHeader.substring(7);
            username = jwtUtil.extractUsername(jwt);
        }
        if (username != null && SecurityContextHolder.getContext().getAuthentication() == null) {
            UserDetails userDetails = userDetailsService.loadUserByUsername(username);
            if (jwtUtil.validateToken(jwt, userDetails.getUsername())) {
                UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken usernamePasswordAuthenticationToken = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(
                        userDetails, null, userDetails.getAuthorities());
                usernamePasswordAuthenticationToken
                        .setDetails(new WebAuthenticationDetailsSource().buildDetails(request));
                SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(usernamePasswordAuthenticationToken);
            }
        }
        chain.doFilter(request, response);
    }
}

5. 创建认证和授权接口

创建一个AuthenticationController类，用于处理用户登录和生成JWT。

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.AuthenticationManager;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.BadCredentialsException;
import org.springframework.security.authentication.UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class AuthenticationController {
    @Autowired
    private AuthenticationManager authenticationManager;
    @Autowired
    private JwtUtil jwtUtil;
    @Autowired
    private UserDetailsService userDetailsService;
    @PostMapping("/authenticate")
    public ResponseEntity<?> createAuthenticationToken(@RequestBody AuthenticationRequest authenticationRequest) throws Exception {
        try {
            authenticationManager.authenticate(
                    new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(authenticationRequest.getUsername(), authenticationRequest.getPassword())
            );
        } catch (BadCredentialsException e) {
            throw new Exception("Incorrect username or password", e);
        }
        final UserDetails userDetails = userDetailsService.loadUserByUsername(authenticationRequest.getUsername());
        final String jwt = jwtUtil.generateToken(userDetails.getUsername());
        return ResponseEntity.ok(new AuthenticationResponse(jwt));
    }
}

6. 创建用户详情服务

创建一个UserDetailsService实现类，用于加载用户信息。

import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetails;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UserDetailsService;
import org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.UsernameNotFoundException;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import java.util.ArrayList;
@Service
public class CustomUserDetailsService implements UserDetailsService {
    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepository;
    @Override
    public UserDetails loadUserByUsername(String username) throws UsernameNotFoundException {
        User user = userRepository.findByUsername(username)
                .orElseThrow(() -> new UsernameNotFoundException("User not found with username: " + username));
        return new org.springframework.security.core.userdetails.User(user.getUsername(), user.getPassword(), new ArrayList<>());
    }
}

7. 配置application.properties

在application.properties文件中配置JWT密钥。

jwt.secret=yourSecretKey

8. 测试

启动应用后，可以通过发送POST请求到/api/authenticate接口进行登录，获取JWT。然后在请求头中添加Authorization: Bearer <token>，即可访问受保护的接口。

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