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SpringBoot中双token实现无感刷新

2025-07-10 09:31:35 作者：悟能不能悟

本文介绍双Token无感刷新机制,前端React与后端SpringBoot实现,采用HttpOnly Cookie和短期Token设计,具有一定的参考价值,感兴趣的可以了解一下

一、方案说明

1. 核心流程

用户登录
- 提交账号密码 → 服务端验证 → 返回Access Token（前端存储） + Refresh Token（HttpOnly Cookie）
业务请求
- 请求头携带Access Token → 服务端验证有效性 → 有效则返回数据
Token过期处理
- 若Access Token过期 → 前端拦截401错误 → 自动用Refresh Token请求新Token → 刷新后重试原请求
Refresh Token失效
- 清除登录态 → 跳转登录页

2. 安全设计

Access Token
- 存储：前端内存（如Vuex/Redux）或sessionStorage
- 有效期：2小时
- 传输：Authorization: Bearer <token>
Refresh Token
- 存储：HttpOnly + Secure + SameSite=Strict Cookie
- 有效期：7天
- 刷新机制：单次使用后更新，旧Token立即失效

二、前端实现（React示例）

1. Axios封装（src/utils/http.js）

import axios from 'axios';
 
const http = axios.create({
  baseURL: process.env.REACT_APP_API_URL,
});
 
// 请求拦截器：注入Access Token
http.interceptors.request.use(config => {
  const accessToken = sessionStorage.getItem('access_token');
  if (accessToken) {
    config.headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${accessToken}`;
  }
  return config;
});
 
// 响应拦截器：处理Token过期
http.interceptors.response.use(
  response => response,
  async error => {
    const originalRequest = error.config;
    
    // 检测401错误且未重试过
    if (error.response?.status === 401 && !originalRequest._retry) {
      originalRequest._retry = true;
      
      try {
        // 发起刷新Token请求
        const { accessToken } = await refreshToken();
        
        // 存储新Token
        sessionStorage.setItem('access_token', accessToken);
        
        // 重试原请求
        originalRequest.headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${accessToken}`;
        return http(originalRequest);
      } catch (refreshError) {
        // 刷新失败：清除Token，跳转登录
        sessionStorage.removeItem('access_token');
        window.location.href = '/login';
        return Promise.reject(refreshError);
      }
    }
    
    return Promise.reject(error);
  }
);
 
// 刷新Token函数
async function refreshToken() {
  const res = await axios.post(
    `${process.env.REACT_APP_API_URL}/auth/refresh`,
    {},
    { withCredentials: true } // 自动携带Cookie
  );
  return res.data;
}
 
export default http;

2. 登录逻辑（src/pages/Login.js）

const LoginPage = () => {
  const handleSubmit = async (e) => {
    e.preventDefault();
    try {
      const res = await axios.post('/auth/login', {
        username: 'user',
        password: 'pass'
      }, { withCredentials: true });
      
      // 存储Access Token
      sessionStorage.setItem('access_token', res.data.accessToken);
      
      // 跳转主页
      window.location.href = '/';
    } catch (err) {
      alert('登录失败');
    }
  };
 
  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      {/* 登录表单 */}
    </form>
  );
};

三、后端实现（Spring Boot）

1. JWT工具类（JwtUtil.java）

@Component
public class JwtUtil {
    @Value("${jwt.secret}")
    private String secret;
 
    @Value("${jwt.access.expiration}")
    private Long accessExpiration;
 
    @Value("${jwt.refresh.expiration}")
    private Long refreshExpiration;
 
    // 生成Access Token
    public String generateAccessToken(UserDetails user) {
        return buildToken(user, accessExpiration);
    }
 
    // 生成Refresh Token
    public String generateRefreshToken(UserDetails user) {
        return buildToken(user, refreshExpiration);
    }
 
    private String buildToken(UserDetails user, Long expiration) {
        return Jwts.builder()
                .setSubject(user.getUsername())
                .setIssuedAt(new Date())
                .setExpiration(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + expiration))
                .signWith(SignatureAlgorithm.HS256, secret)
                .compact();
    }
 
    // 验证Token
    public boolean validateToken(String token) {
        try {
            Jwts.parser().setSigningKey(secret).parseClaimsJws(token);
            return true;
        } catch (JwtException | IllegalArgumentException e) {
            throw new JwtException("Token验证失败");
        }
    }
 
    // 从Token中提取用户名
    public String getUsernameFromToken(String token) {
        return Jwts.parser()
                .setSigningKey(secret)
                .parseClaimsJws(token)
                .getBody()
                .getSubject();
    }
}

2. 认证接口（AuthController.java）

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/auth")
public class AuthController {
    @Autowired
    private JwtUtil jwtUtil;
    
    @Autowired
    private UserDetailsService userDetailsService;
    
    @Autowired
    private RefreshTokenService refreshTokenService;
 
    // 登录接口
    @PostMapping("/login")
    public ResponseEntity<?> login(@RequestBody LoginRequest request) {
        UserDetails user = userDetailsService.loadUserByUsername(request.getUsername());
        
        // 密码验证
        if (!passwordEncoder.matches(request.getPassword(), user.getPassword())) {
            throw new BadCredentialsException("密码错误");
        }
 
        // 生成Token
        String accessToken = jwtUtil.generateAccessToken(user);
        String refreshToken = jwtUtil.generateRefreshToken(user);
 
        // 存储Refresh Token
        refreshTokenService.saveRefreshToken(user.getUsername(), refreshToken);
 
        // 设置Refresh Token到Cookie
        ResponseCookie cookie = ResponseCookie.from("refreshToken", refreshToken)
                .httpOnly(true)
                .secure(true)
                .sameSite("Strict")
                .maxAge(jwtUtil.getRefreshExpiration() / 1000)
                .path("/auth/refresh")
                .build();
 
        return ResponseEntity.ok()
                .header(HttpHeaders.SET_COOKIE, cookie.toString())
                .body(new AuthResponse(accessToken));
    }
 
    // 刷新Token接口
    @PostMapping("/refresh")
    public ResponseEntity<?> refreshToken(@CookieValue("refreshToken") String refreshToken) {
        // 验证Refresh Token
        if (!jwtUtil.validateToken(refreshToken)) {
            throw new JwtException("无效Token");
        }
 
        String username = jwtUtil.getUsernameFromToken(refreshToken);
        
        // 检查是否与存储的Token一致
        if (!refreshTokenService.validateRefreshToken(username, refreshToken)) {
            throw new JwtException("Token已失效");
        }
 
        // 生成新Token
        UserDetails user = userDetailsService.loadUserByUsername(username);
        String newAccessToken = jwtUtil.generateAccessToken(user);
        String newRefreshToken = jwtUtil.generateRefreshToken(user);
 
        // 更新存储的Refresh Token
        refreshTokenService.updateRefreshToken(username, newRefreshToken);
 
        // 返回新Token
        ResponseCookie cookie = ResponseCookie.from("refreshToken", newRefreshToken)
                .httpOnly(true)
                .secure(true)
                .sameSite("Strict")
                .maxAge(jwtUtil.getRefreshExpiration() / 1000)
                .path("/auth/refresh")
                .build();
 
        return ResponseEntity.ok()
                .header(HttpHeaders.SET_COOKIE, cookie.toString())
                .body(new AuthResponse(newAccessToken));
    }
}

3. Refresh Token服务（RefreshTokenService.java）

@Service
public class RefreshTokenService {
    @Autowired
    private RefreshTokenRepository repository;
 
    public void saveRefreshToken(String username, String token) {
        RefreshToken refreshToken = new RefreshToken();
        refreshToken.setUsername(username);
        refreshToken.setToken(token);
        refreshToken.setExpiryDate(jwtUtil.getExpirationDateFromToken(token));
        repository.save(refreshToken);
    }
 
    public boolean validateRefreshToken(String username, String token) {
        return repository.findByUsernameAndToken(username, token)
                .map(t -> t.getExpiryDate().after(new Date()))
                .orElse(false);
    }
 
    public void updateRefreshToken(String username, String newToken) {
        repository.deleteByUsername(username);
        saveRefreshToken(username, newToken);
    }
}

四、安全配置（SecurityConfig.java）

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {
    
    @Autowired
    private JwtAuthenticationFilter jwtFilter;
 
    @Override
    protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http
            .csrf().disable()
            .sessionManagement().sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS)
            .and()
            .authorizeRequests()
                .antMatchers("/auth/**").permitAll()
                .anyRequest().authenticated()
            .and()
            .addFilterBefore(jwtFilter, UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter.class);
    }
}
 
@Component
public class JwtAuthenticationFilter extends OncePerRequestFilter {
    
    @Autowired
    private JwtUtil jwtUtil;
 
    @Override
    protected void doFilterInternal(HttpServletRequest request, 
                                    HttpServletResponse response, 
                                    FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {
        String header = request.getHeader("Authorization");
        if (header != null && header.startsWith("Bearer ")) {
            String token = header.substring(7);
            if (jwtUtil.validateToken(token)) {
                String username = jwtUtil.getUsernameFromToken(token);
                UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken auth = 
                    new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(username, null, new ArrayList<>());
                SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(auth);
            }
        }
        chain.doFilter(request, response);
    }
}

五、配置参数（application.yml）

jwt:
  secret: "your-256-bit-secret-key-here" # 通过环境变量注入
  access:
    expiration: 7200000 # 2小时（毫秒）
  refresh:
    expiration: 604800000 # 7天（毫秒）

六、数据库表结构（MySQL）

CREATE TABLE refresh_tokens (
  id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
  username VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  token VARCHAR(512) NOT NULL,
  expiry_date DATETIME NOT NULL,
  UNIQUE KEY (username)
);

此方案完整实现了双Token无感刷新机制，具备以下特点：

完整的前后端代码示例，可直接集成到项目中
遵循安全最佳实践（HttpOnly Cookie、短期Token）
支持并发请求处理和Token主动吊销
清晰的模块划分，易于扩展维护

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