Java实现发起HTTP请求的四种方法实现与适用场景

2025-06-09 11:21:12 作者：超级小忍

Java中发起HTTP请求有多种方式,包括原生库、第三方库及现代API,以下是常见的几种实现方法,本文介绍了它们的具体实现代码以及性能适用场景,感兴趣的可以了解下

使用HttpURLConnection（原生API）

HttpURLConnection是Java标准库提供的HTTP客户端，适合简单请求。

public class HttpUrlConnectionExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        URL url = new URL("https://api.example.com/data");
        HttpURLConnection conn = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
        conn.setRequestMethod("GET");
        
        int responseCode = conn.getResponseCode();
        BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(conn.getInputStream()));
        String inputLine;
        StringBuilder response = new StringBuilder();
        
        while ((inputLine = in.readLine()) != null) {
            response.append(inputLine);
        }
        in.close();
        System.out.println(response.toString());
    }
}

使用Apache HttpClient

Apache HttpClient是功能更丰富的第三方库，适合复杂场景。

public class ApacheHttpClientExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();
        HttpGet request = new HttpGet("https://api.example.com/data");
        
        try (CloseableHttpResponse response = httpClient.execute(request)) {
            String result = EntityUtils.toString(response.getEntity());
            System.out.println(result);
        }
    }
}

使用OkHttp

OkHttp是Square开发的现代HTTP客户端，性能优异且API简洁。

public class OkHttpExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
        Request request = new Request.Builder()
            .url("https://api.example.com/data")
            .build();
        
        try (Response response = client.newCall(request).execute()) {
            System.out.println(response.body().string());
        }
    }
}

使用Java 11+的HttpClient

Java 11引入的新HTTP客户端，支持异步和HTTP/2。

public class Java11HttpClientExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient();
        HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder()
            .uri(URI.create("https://api.example.com/data"))
            .build();
        
        HttpResponse<String> response = client.send(
            request, HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString());
        System.out.println(response.body());
    }
}

处理POST请求（以OkHttp为例）

POST请求需要构建请求体，以下是JSON提交示例。

public class OkHttpPostExample {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
        MediaType JSON = MediaType.get("application/json; charset=utf-8");
        String jsonBody = "{\"name\":\"John\", \"age\":30}";
        
        Request request = new Request.Builder()
            .url("https://api.example.com/post")
            .post(RequestBody.create(jsonBody, JSON))
            .build();
        
        try (Response response = client.newCall(request).execute()) {
            System.out.println(response.body().string());
        }
    }
}

总结对比

方法	特点	适用场景
HttpURLConnection	原生支持，无需依赖	简单GET/POST请求
Apache HttpClient	功能全面，支持连接池	企业级复杂HTTP交互
OkHttp	高性能，简洁API	移动端/高性能需求
Java 11 HttpClient	现代API，支持异步和HTTP/2	Java 11+项目

可根据项目实际需求选择合适的方法。在现代项目推荐使用OkHttp或Java 11+ HttpClient。

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