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Java使用Cookie实现认证跳转功能

作者:mr.Darker

在 Web 开发中,用户身份认证是一个基础而关键的功能点,本文将通过一个简单的前后端示例系统,介绍如何基于 Cookie 实现 Token 保存与自动跳转认证的功能,并结合 Cookie 与 Header 的区别、使用场景、安全性等维度做全面分析,需要的朋友可以参考下

一、Cookie 和 Header 的区别

项目CookieHeader
定义存储在浏览器中的字段,用于保持用户状态HTTP 请求/响应的元数据,描述请求数据信息
默认行为每次同域同路径请求时自动被浏览器附加到请求中需要开发者手动在请求中配置
存储可持久存储在本地浏览器每次请求时重新传送
与 JS 的关系如果设置 HttpOnly ,JS 无法读取JS 可以自由操作 Header
通用场景登录状态保持,身份声明JWT Token、代理等信息传递

总结:

Cookie 更适合于 Web 应用自动附带的状态保持,Header 则适用于前后端分离、接口授权等场景。

此外,如果系统是前后端分离或移动端调用 API,推荐使用 Header + Bearer Token 的方式;而传统 Web 系统则更偏好基于 Cookie 的方案,方便浏览器自动携带状态。

二、功能需求简述

当前系统需求并非完整用户系统登录,而是一个基于输入 Token 的快速标记机制,满足以下目标:

三、项目结构说明

本项目基于 Spring Boot 构建,包含前后端组件,结构如下:

MyTestJava
├── src/
│   └── main/
│       ├── java/
│       │   └── org.example/
│       │       ├── Main.java                     // SpringBoot 启动类
│       │       ├── controller/
│       │       │   └── TokenEntryController.java // 控制器:处理接口请求
│       │       └── util/
│       │           └── JwtUtils.java             // 工具类:生成/解析 JWT
│       └── resources/
│           ├── static/
│           │   └── index.html                    // 前端页面
│           └── application.properties            // 配置文件
├── pom.xml                                       // Maven 配置

说明:

四、代码实现分析

JWT 工具类 JwtUtils

@Component
public class JwtUtils {
    private static final String SECRET = "cT9gHD9Myp&Jz@3E*U2a%Ld!Fg#xZvPf";
    private static final Key KEY = Keys.hmacShaKeyFor(SECRET.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
    private static final long EXPIRATION = 30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000L; // 30天

    public String createToken(String email) {
        return Jwts.builder()
                .setSubject(email)
                .setIssuedAt(new Date())
                .setExpiration(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + EXPIRATION))
                .signWith(KEY)
                .compact();
    }

    public String parseToken(String token) {
        try {
            return Jwts.parserBuilder()
                    .setSigningKey(KEY)
                    .build()
                    .parseClaimsJws(token)
                    .getBody()
                    .getSubject();
        } catch (JwtException e) {
            return null;
        }
    }
}

说明:

Controller: TokenEntryController

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class TokenEntryController {

    @Autowired
    private JwtUtils jwtUtils;

    @PostMapping("/token")
    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, Object>> saveToken(@RequestBody Map<String, String> payload,
                                                         HttpServletResponse response) {
        String email = payload.get("token");
        String token = jwtUtils.createToken(email);

        Cookie cookie = new Cookie("login_token", token);
        cookie.setHttpOnly(true);
        cookie.setPath("/");
        cookie.setMaxAge(30 * 24 * 60 * 60);
        response.addCookie(cookie);

        return ResponseEntity.ok(Map.of(
                "status", "success",
                "redirectUrl", "https://www.baidu.com"
        ));
    }

    @GetMapping("/entry")
    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, Object>> checkToken(@CookieValue(value = "login_token", required = false) String token) {
        String email = jwtUtils.parseToken(token);
        if (email != null) {
            return ResponseEntity.ok(Map.of(
                    "status", "success",
                    "email", email,
                    "redirectUrl", "https://www.baidu.com"
            ));
        } else {
            return ResponseEntity.ok(Map.of("status", "fail"));
        }
    }
}

前端 HTML 逻辑

index.html 使用原生 JavaScript 与 Spring Boot 后端交互。

<input type="text" id="tokenInput" placeholder="请输入 Email" />
<button onclick="sendToken()">发送</button>

<script>
function sendToken() {
    const token = document.getElementById("tokenInput").value;
    fetch("/api/token", {
        method: "POST",
        headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
        body: JSON.stringify({ token })
    })
    .then(res => res.json())
    .then(data => {
        if (data.status === "success") {
            window.location.href = data.redirectUrl;
        }
    });
}

window.onload = function () {
    fetch("/api/entry")
        .then(res => res.json())
        .then(body => {
            if (body.status === "success") {
                const token = getCookie("login_token");
                alert("已登录\nToken: " + token + "\nEmail: " + body.email);
                window.location.href = body.redirectUrl;
            }
        });
};

function getCookie(name) {
    const match = document.cookie.match(new RegExp('(^| )' + name + '=([^;]+)'));
    return match ? decodeURIComponent(match[2]) : null;
}
</script>

五、总结

附录:完整文件(可自行补全代码)

Spring Boot 项目目录结构参考

src/main/java/org/example/
├── controller/
│   └── LoginController.java      # 登录与验证码相关接口
├── model/
│   └── User.java                 # 用户模型类
├── service/
│   └── UserService.java          # 登录逻辑与验证码缓存管理
├── util/
│   └── EmailSender.java          # 邮件发送工具类
└── Main.java                     # SpringBoot 启动类

src/main/resources/
├── static/index.html             # 前端测试页面
└── application.properties        # 邮件 + Redis + DB 配置项

pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
    <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

    <groupId>org.example</groupId>
    <artifactId>MyTestJava</artifactId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
    <packaging>jar</packaging>

    <properties>
        <maven.compiler.source>17</maven.compiler.source>
        <maven.compiler.target>17</maven.compiler.target>
        <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
    </properties>

    <!-- Spring Boot 父项目 -->
    <parent>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
        <version>3.4.3</version>
        <relativePath/>
    </parent>

    <dependencies>
        <!-- Spring Boot Web 模块(包含内嵌 Tomcat) -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Spring Boot 开发工具模块 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-devtools</artifactId>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- JWT 核心 API -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
            <artifactId>jjwt-api</artifactId>
            <version>0.11.5</version>
        </dependency>

        <!-- JWT 实现类 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
            <artifactId>jjwt-impl</artifactId>
            <version>0.11.5</version>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- JWT 序列化/反序列化 -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>io.jsonwebtoken</groupId>
            <artifactId>jjwt-jackson</artifactId>
            <version>0.11.5</version>
            <scope>runtime</scope>
        </dependency>

        <!-- Jakarta Servlet -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>jakarta.servlet</groupId>
            <artifactId>jakarta.servlet-api</artifactId>
            <version>6.0.0</version>
            <scope>provided</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

    <build>
        <plugins>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
                <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
            </plugin>
        </plugins>
    </build>
</project>

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <title>Token 验证</title>
        <style>
            body {
                background-color: #f0f2f5;
                font-family: "Segoe UI", Tahoma, Geneva, Verdana, sans-serif;
                display: flex;
                justify-content: center;
                align-items: center;
                height: 100vh;
                margin: 0;
            }

            .container {
                background-color: white;
                padding: 30px 40px;
                border-radius: 12px;
                box-shadow: 0 4px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
                text-align: center;
            }

            .input-group {
                display: flex;
                align-items: center;
                justify-content: center;
                gap: 10px;
            }

            input[type="text"] {
                padding: 10px;
                width: 220px;
                font-size: 16px;
                border: 1px solid #ccc;
                border-radius: 6px;
            }

            button {
                padding: 10px 20px;
                font-size: 16px;
                background-color: #1890ff;
                color: white;
                border: none;
                border-radius: 6px;
                cursor: pointer;
                transition: background-color 0.3s ease;
            }

            button:hover {
                background-color: #40a9ff;
            }
        </style>
    </head>

    <body>
        <div class="container">
            <div class="input-group">
                <label for="token-input">
                    <input type="text" id="token-input" placeholder="输入 Token" />
                </label>
                <button onclick="sendToken()">发送</button>
            </div>
        </div>

        <script>
            function sendToken() {
                const token = document.getElementById("token-input").value;
                fetch("/api/token", {
                    method: "POST",
                    headers: {
                        "Content-Type": "application/json"
                    },
                    body: JSON.stringify({ token })
                })
                .then(response => response.json())
                .then(data => {
                    if (data.status === "success") {
                        window.location.href = data.redirectUrl;
                    } else {
                        alert("Token 无效");
                    }
                });
            }

            // 页面加载后自动访问 entry 进行判断
            window.onload = function () {
                fetch("/api/entry", { method: "GET" })
                .then(response => {
                    if (!response.ok) return null;
                    return response.json();
                })
                .then(body => {
                    if (body && body.status === "success") {
                        alert("\n解析出的Email是:\n" + body.email);
                        window.location.href = body.redirectUrl;
                    }
                })
                .catch(err => {
                    console.error("检查登录状态异常:", err);
                });
            };
        </script>
    </body>
</html>

Main.java

package org.example;

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

/**
 * ==================================================
 * This class ${NAME} is responsible for [功能描述].
 *
 * @author darker
 * @version 1.0
 * ==================================================
 */

@SpringBootApplication
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(Main.class, args);
    }
}

JwtUtils.java

package org.example.util;

import io.jsonwebtoken.*;
import io.jsonwebtoken.security.Keys;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;

import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.security.Key;
import java.util.Date;

/**
 * ==================================================
 * This class JwtUtils is responsible for [功能描述].
 *
 * @author darker
 * @version 1.0
 * ==================================================
 */

@Component
public class JwtUtils {
    private static final String SECRET = "cT9gHD9Myp&Jz@3E*U2a%Ld!Fg#xZvPf";
    private static final Key KEY = Keys.hmacShaKeyFor(SECRET.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
    private static final long EXPIRATION = 30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000L; // 30天

    public String createToken(String email) {
        return Jwts.builder()
                .setSubject(email)
                .setExpiration(new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + EXPIRATION))
                .signWith(KEY)
                .compact();
    }

    public String parseToken(String token) {
        try {
            return Jwts.parserBuilder()
                    .setSigningKey(KEY)
                    .build()
                    .parseClaimsJws(token)
                    .getBody()
                    .getSubject();
        } catch (JwtException e) {
            return null; // 无效/过期
        }
    }
}

TokenEntryController.java

package org.example.controller;

import jakarta.servlet.http.Cookie;
import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.example.util.JwtUtils;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * ==================================================
 * This class TokenEntryController is responsible for [功能描述].
 *
 * @author draker
 * @version 1.0
 * ==================================================
 */

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api")
public class TokenEntryController {

    @Autowired
    private JwtUtils jwtUtils;

    /**
     * 创建 Token 并写入 Cookie
     */
    @PostMapping("/token")
    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, Object>> createToken(@RequestBody Map<String, String> payload,
                                                           HttpServletResponse response) {
        String identity = payload.get("token"); // 可以是 email、userId 等

        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
        if (identity == null || identity.isEmpty()) {
            result.put("status", "fail");
            return ResponseEntity.badRequest().body(result);
        }

        String token = jwtUtils.createToken(identity);

        Cookie cookie = new Cookie("login_token", token);
        cookie.setPath("/");
        cookie.setHttpOnly(true);
        cookie.setMaxAge(30 * 24 * 60 * 60); // 30 天
        response.addCookie(cookie);

        result.put("status", "success");
        result.put("redirectUrl", "https://www.baidu.com");
        return ResponseEntity.ok(result);
    }

    /**
     * 检查 Cookie 中的 Token 并验证跳转
     */
    @GetMapping("/entry")
    public ResponseEntity<Map<String, Object>> checkToken(@CookieValue(value = "login_token", required = false) String token) {
        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();

        if (token != null) {
            String email = jwtUtils.parseToken(token);
            if (email != null) {
                result.put("status", "success");
                result.put("email", email);
                result.put("redirectUrl", "https://www.baidu.com");
                return ResponseEntity.ok(result);
            }
        }

        result.put("status", "fail");
        return ResponseEntity.ok(result);
    }
}

希望本文对 Cookie 和 Header 在实际进程中的使用有所启发,也为基于 Spring Boot 实现轻量登录认证提供思路。

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