SpringBoot集成Kafka并使用多个死信队列详解

<dependencies>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.springframework.kafka</groupId>
        <artifactId>spring-kafka</artifactId>
    </dependency>
</dependencies>

spring:
  kafka:
    bootstrap-servers: localhost:9092
    producer:
      key-serializer: org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer
      value-serializer: org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer
    consumer:
      group-id: my-group
      key-deserializer: org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringDeserializer
      value-deserializer: org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringDeserializer
      auto-offset-reset: earliest

public class BusinessException extends RuntimeException {
    public BusinessException(String message) {
        super(message);
    }
}

import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.ProducerConfig;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Value;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import org.springframework.kafka.annotation.EnableKafka;
import org.springframework.kafka.core.*;
import org.springframework.kafka.listener.CommonErrorHandler;
import org.springframework.kafka.listener.DefaultErrorHandler;
import org.springframework.util.backoff.FixedBackOff;

@Configuration
@EnableKafka
public class KafkaConfig {

    @Value("${spring.kafka.bootstrap-servers}")
    private String bootstrapServers;

    // Kafka生产者配置
    @Bean
    public ProducerFactory<String, String> producerFactory() {
        Map<String, Object> config = new HashMap<>();
        config.put(ProducerConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, bootstrapServers);
        config.put(ProducerConfig.KEY_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, StringSerializer.class);
        config.put(ProducerConfig.VALUE_SERIALIZER_CLASS_CONFIG, StringSerializer.class);
        return new DefaultKafkaProducerFactory<>(config);
    }

    @Bean
    public KafkaTemplate<String, String> kafkaTemplate() {
        return new KafkaTemplate<>(producerFactory());
    }

    // Kafka消费者配置
    @Bean
    public ConsumerFactory<String, String> consumerFactory() {
        Map<String, Object> config = new HashMap<>();
        config.put(ConsumerConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, bootstrapServers);
        config.put(ConsumerConfig.GROUP_ID_CONFIG, "my-group");
        config.put(ConsumerConfig.AUTO_OFFSET_RESET_CONFIG, "earliest");
        return new DefaultKafkaConsumerFactory<>(config);
    }

    // 自定义错误处理器（支持多个死信队列）
    @Bean
    public CommonErrorHandler errorHandler(KafkaTemplate<String, String> kafkaTemplate) {
        // 重试策略：3次重试，间隔1秒
        FixedBackOff backOff = new FixedBackOff(1000L, 3);

        DefaultErrorHandler errorHandler = new DefaultErrorHandler((record, exception) -> {
            String dlqTopic = determineDlqTopic(exception);
            kafkaTemplate.send(dlqTopic, record.key(), record.value());
            System.out.println("消息发送到死信队列: " + dlqTopic);
        }, backOff);

        // 配置需要重试的异常类型
        errorHandler.addRetryableExceptions(BusinessException.class);
        errorHandler.addNotRetryableExceptions(SerializationException.class);

        return errorHandler;
    }

    // 根据异常类型选择死信队列
    private String determineDlqTopic(Throwable exception) {
        if (exception.getCause() instanceof SerializationException) {
            return "serialization-error-dlq";
        } else if (exception.getCause() instanceof BusinessException) {
            return "business-error-dlq";
        } else {
            return "general-error-dlq";
        }
    }

    @Bean
    public ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory<String, String> kafkaListenerContainerFactory() {
        ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory<String, String> factory = new ConcurrentKafkaListenerContainerFactory<>();
        factory.setConsumerFactory(consumerFactory());
        factory.setCommonErrorHandler(errorHandler(kafkaTemplate()));
        return factory;
    }
}

import org.springframework.kafka.annotation.KafkaListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

@Service
public class KafkaConsumerService {

    @KafkaListener(topics = "main-topic")
    public void consume(String message) {
        try {
            if (message.contains("invalid-format")) {
                throw new SerializationException("消息格式错误");
            } else if (message.contains("business-error")) {
                throw new BusinessException("业务处理失败");
            }
            System.out.println("成功处理消息: " + message);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }
}

import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;

@SpringBootApplication
public class KafkaApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        SpringApplication.run(KafkaApplication.class, args);
    }
}

@Autowired
private KafkaTemplate<String, String> kafkaTemplate;

public void sendTestMessages() {
    kafkaTemplate.send("main-topic", "valid-message");
    kafkaTemplate.send("main-topic", "invalid-format");
    kafkaTemplate.send("main-topic", "business-error");
}