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SpringBoot集成MQ的过程(四种交换机的实例)

作者：Eliauk544

本文介绍了RabbitMQ中四种交换机（直连、扇出、主题和头交换机）的使用方法,包括路由机制、典型场景和实现步骤,通过创建SpringBoot项目并配置交换机、队列和消费者,展示了如何发送和接收消息,每种交换机的示例代码和测试步骤也一并提供,感兴趣的朋友一起看看吧

​RabbitMQ交换机（Exchange）的核心作用

在RabbitMQ中，​交换机 是消息路由的核心组件，负责接收生产者发送的消息，并根据规则（如路由键、头信息等）将消息分发到对应的队列中。
不同交换机类型决定了消息的路由逻辑，使用不同的交换机在不同的场景下可以提高消息系统的高可用性。

1. 直连交换机（Direct Exchange）​

​路由机制 ​

应用场景 ​

 使用直连交换机实现消息发送和接收

1.创建一个SpringBoot项目，在yml文件配置如下：

server:
  port: 8021
spring: 
  application:
    name: rabbitmq-provider
  #配置rabbitMq 服务器
  rabbitmq:
    host: 127.0.0.1
    port: 5672
    username: guest
    password: guest

 2.初始化队列和交换机，并进行绑定

package com.atguigu.demomq;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Binding;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.BindingBuilder;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.DirectExchange;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Queue;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
/**
 * 功能：
 * 作者：程序员ZXY
 * 日期：2025/3/8 下午1:55
 */
@Configuration
public class DirectRabbitConfig {
    @Bean
    public  Queue TestDirectQueue(){
        return new Queue("TestDirectQueue",true);
    }
    @Bean
    DirectExchange TestDirectExchange(){
        return new DirectExchange("TestDirectExchange",true,false);
    }
    @Bean
    Binding bindingDirect(){
        return BindingBuilder.bind(TestDirectQueue())
                .to(TestDirectExchange())
                .with("TestDirectRouting");
    }
}

 3.实现sendDirectMessage发送消息请求，由生产者发送到MQ，TestDirectRouting作为Key，用于精确转发。

package com.atguigu.demomq;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.UUID;
/**
 * 功能：
 * 作者：程序员ZXY
 * 日期：2025/3/8 下午2:12
 */
@RestController
public class SendMessageController {
    @Autowired
    private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;
    @GetMapping("/sendDirectMessage")
    public String sendDirectMessage() {
        String messageId = String.valueOf(UUID.randomUUID());
        String messageData = "Hello MQ!";
        String createTime = LocalDateTime.now().format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"));
        Map<String,Object> map=new HashMap<>();
        map.put("messageId",messageId);
        map.put("messageData",messageData);
        map.put("createTime",createTime);
        //将消息携带绑定键值：TestDirectRouting 发送到交换机TestDirectExchange
        rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("TestDirectExchange", "TestDirectRouting", map);
        return "OK";
    }
}

4.此时就可以启动项目发送消息了，使用PostMan发送消息，返回OK说明发送成功

5.进入http://localhost:15672/，可以看到消息发送成功，我这里是请求了两次（也就是发了两条消息）。

6.接下来写消费者的消费过程，新创建一个SpringBoot项目，在yml文件配置如下

server:
  port: 8022
spring:
  application:
    name: rabbitmq-provider
  #配置rabbitMq 服务器
  rabbitmq:
    host: 127.0.0.1
    port: 5672
    username: guest
    password: guest

7.消费者配置类，同样TestDirectRouting用于唯一识别Key

package com.atguigu.demomq2;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Binding;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.BindingBuilder;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.DirectExchange;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Queue;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
/**
 * 功能：
 * 作者：程序员ZXY
 * 日期：2025/3/8 下午 
 */
@Configuration
public class DirectRabbitConfig {
    @Bean
    public Queue TestDirectQueue() {
        return new Queue("TestDirectQueue",true);
    }
    @Bean
    DirectExchange TestDirectExchange() {
        return new DirectExchange("TestDirectExchange");
    }
    @Bean
    Binding bindingDirect() {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(TestDirectQueue()).to(TestDirectExchange()).with("TestDirectRouting");
    }
}

8.消费者 接收消息@RabbitListener(queues = "TestDirectQueue")用于监听指定队列发送的消息

package com.atguigu.demomq2;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitHandler;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import java.util.Map;
@Component
@RabbitListener(queues = "TestDirectQueue")
public class DirectReceiver {
    @RabbitHandler
    public void process(Map testMessage) {
        System.out.println("DirectReceiver消费者收到消息  : " + testMessage.toString());
    }
}

 9.启动消费者，成功接收消息

10.查看MQ控制台，消息成功被消费 

2. 扇出交换机（Fanout Exchange）​ ​

路由机制（一个交换机转发到多个队列）

​应用场景

 使用扇出交换机实现消息发送和接收

1.扇出交换机配置

package com.atguigu.demomq;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Binding;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.BindingBuilder;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.FanoutExchange;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Queue;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
@Configuration
public class FanoutExchangeConfig {
    // 定义扇出交换机
    @Bean
    public FanoutExchange fanoutExchange() {
        return new FanoutExchange("fanout.user.register", true, false);
    }
    // 定义邮件队列
    @Bean
    public Queue emailQueue() {
        return new Queue("fanout.user.email", true);
    }
    // 定义短信队列
    @Bean
    public Queue smsQueue() {
        return new Queue("fanout.user.sms", true);
    }
    // 绑定所有队列到扇出交换机（无需路由键）
    @Bean
    public Binding emailBinding() {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(emailQueue()).to(fanoutExchange());
    }
    @Bean
    public Binding smsBinding() {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(smsQueue()).to(fanoutExchange());
    }
}

2.生产者

package com.atguigu.demomq;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class FanoutUserService {
    @Autowired
    private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;
    @GetMapping("/sendFanoutMessage")
    public String sendRegisterBroadcast() {
        rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(
            "fanout.user.register", 
            "", // 扇出交换机忽略路由键
            "message MQ"
        );
        return "OK Fan";
    }
}

3.消费者

package com.atguigu.demomq2;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class FanoutNotificationConsumer {
    @RabbitListener(queues = "fanout.user.email")
    public void handleEmail(String message) {
        System.out.println("[Email] Received: " + message);
    }
    @RabbitListener(queues = "fanout.user.sms")
    public void handleSms(String message) {
        System.out.println("[SMS] Received: " + message);
    }
}

4.请求并查看消费结果 

可以看到一个交换机完成消费两条消息 

​3. 主题交换机（Topic Exchange）​

应用场景

1.配置主题交换机

package com.atguigu.demomq;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Binding;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.BindingBuilder;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Queue;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.TopicExchange;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
@Configuration
public class TopicExchangeConfig {
    // 定义主题交换机
    @Bean
    public TopicExchange topicExchange() {
        return new TopicExchange("topic.news", true, false);
    }
    // 定义体育新闻队列
    @Bean
    public Queue sportsQueue() {
        return new Queue("topic.news.sports", true);
    }
    // 定义科技新闻队列
    @Bean
    public Queue techQueue() {
        return new Queue("topic.news.tech", true);
    }
    // 绑定体育队列：匹配 news.sports.*
    @Bean
    public Binding sportsBinding() {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(sportsQueue())
                .to(topicExchange())
                .with("news.sports.*");
    }
    // 绑定科技队列：匹配 news.tech.#
    @Bean
    public Binding techBinding() {
        return BindingBuilder.bind(techQueue())
                .to(topicExchange())
                .with("news.tech.#");
    }
}

2.生产者

package com.atguigu.demomq;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class TopicNewsService {
    @Autowired
    private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;
    @GetMapping("/sendTopicMessage1")
    public String  sendSportsNews() {
        rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(
            "topic.news", 
            "news.sports.football",
                "* message：news.sports.football"
        );
        return "*OK";
    }
    @GetMapping("/sendTopicMessage2")
    public String sendTechNews() {
        rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(
            "topic.news", 
            "news.tech.ai.abc.123456",
            "# message：news.tech.ai.abc.123456"
        );
        return "#OK";
    }
}

3. 消费者

package com.atguigu.demomq2;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class TopicNewsConsumer {
    @RabbitListener(queues = "topic.news.sports")
    public void handleSports(String message) {
        System.out.println("[Sports] Received: " + message);
    }
    @RabbitListener(queues = "topic.news.tech")
    public void handleTech(String message) {
        System.out.println("[Tech] Received: " + message);
    }
}

4.发送请求

 可以看到消息成功消费，第一个为*通配符，第二个为#通配符

​4. 头交换机（Headers Exchange）​

​路由机制（ 我的理解是一种基于 ​多条件组合 的消息路由机制） ​

​应用场景

1.头交换机配置

package com.atguigu.demomq;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Binding;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.BindingBuilder;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.HeadersExchange;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Queue;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
@Configuration
public class HeadersExchangeConfig {
    // 定义头交换机
    @Bean
    public HeadersExchange headersExchange() {
        return new HeadersExchange("headers.user", true, false);
    }
    // 定义VIP用户队列
    @Bean
    public Queue vipQueue() {
        return new Queue("headers.user.vip", true);
    }
    // 绑定VIP队列，要求同时匹配 userType=vip 和 region=asia
    @Bean
    public Binding vipBinding() {
        Map<String, Object> headers = new HashMap<>();
        headers.put("userType", "vip");
        headers.put("region", "asia");
        return BindingBuilder.bind(vipQueue())
                .to(headersExchange())
                .whereAll(headers).match(); // whereAll 表示需全部匹配
    }
}

2.生产者

package com.atguigu.demomq;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Message;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.MessageProperties;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class HeaderUserVipService {
    @Autowired
    private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate;
    @GetMapping("/sendHeaderMessage")
    public String  sendVipMessage() {
        MessageProperties props = new MessageProperties();
        props.setHeader("userType", "vip");
        props.setHeader("region", "asia");
        Message msg = new Message("HeaderMessage".getBytes(), props);
        rabbitTemplate.send("headers.user", "", msg);
        return "OK";
    }
}

3.消费者

package com.atguigu.demomq2;
import org.springframework.amqp.core.Message;
import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
@Component
public class HeaderUserVipConsumer {
    @RabbitListener(queues = "headers.user.vip")
    public void handleVip(Message message) {
        String body = new String(message.getBody());
        System.out.println("[VIP] Received: " + body);
    }
}

4.PostMan测试 

这里仅消费交换机初始化时满足所有设定条件的消息，我们可以测试一下不满足条件时发送消息

消费者不消费消息 

总结 

需要代码自己进行测试的 可以Git自取

git clone https://gitee.com/myselfzxy/mq-producer.git

git clone https://gitee.com/myselfzxy/mq-customer.git

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