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在SpringBoot中如何使用HttpClient实现HTTP请求

2025-02-07 09:56:11 作者：sco5282

本文介绍了如何使用Apache HttpClient来访问HTTP协议的资源,并提供了详细的使用示例,包括GET和POST请求的无参和有参调用

SpringBoot使用HttpClient实现HTTP请求

越来越多的 Java 应用程序需要直接通过 HTTP 协议来访问网络资源。虽然在 JDK 的 java.net 包中已经提供了访问 HTTP 协议的基本功能，但是对于大部分应用程序来说，JDK 库本身提供的功能还不够丰富和灵活。

HttpClient 是 Apache Jakarta Common 下的子项目，用来提供高效的、最新的、功能丰富的支持 HTTP 协议的客户端编程工具包，并且它支持 HTTP 协议最新的版本和建议。

新建一个 SpringBoot 工程，引入 httpclient 的 POM 依赖：

<dependency>
	<groupId>org.apache.httpcomponents</groupId>
	<artifactId>httpclient</artifactId>
	<version>4.5.6</version>
</dependency>

总结：

public class HttpClientUtil {

    // GET请求
    public static String get(String url, JSONObject params) {
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create().build();
        String sendUrl = url;
        // 拼接参数
        if (Objects.nonNull(params) && params.size() > 0) {
            sendUrl = connectParams(url, params);
        }
        HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(sendUrl);
        CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
        try {
            response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
            HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();
            if (HttpStatus.SC_OK == response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() && null != httpEntity) {
                return EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity);
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            try {
                close(httpClient, response);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        throw new JeecgBootException("调用GET请求失败！");
    }

    /**
     * @Description: POST 请求
     * @Author: zzc
     * @Date: 2022-12-16 16:48
     * @param url: 
     * @param params: 
     * @param requestBody: json 串
     * @return: java.lang.String
     **/
    public static String post(String url, JSONObject params, String requestBody) {
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create().build();
        String sendUrl = url;
        // 1.拼接参数
        if (Objects.nonNull(params) && params.size() > 0) {
            sendUrl = connectParams(url, params);
        }
        HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(sendUrl);
        httpPost.setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=utf8");
        CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
        try {
            // 2.设置request-body
            if (StringUtils.isNotBlank(requestBody)) {
                ByteArrayEntity entity = new ByteArrayEntity(requestBody.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
                entity.setContentType("application/json");
                httpPost.setEntity(entity);
            }
            response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
            HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();
            if (HttpStatus.SC_OK == response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() && null != httpEntity) {
                return EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity);
            }
        } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            try {
                close(httpClient, response);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        throw new JeecgBootException("调用POST请求失败！");
    }

    private static String connectParams(String url, JSONObject params) {
        StringBuffer buffer = new StringBuffer();
        buffer.append(url).append("?");
        params.forEach((x, y) -> buffer.append(x).append("=").append(y).append("&"));
        buffer.deleteCharAt(buffer.length() - 1);
        return buffer.toString();
    }

    public static void close(CloseableHttpClient httpClient, CloseableHttpResponse httpResponse) throws IOException{
        if (null != httpClient) {
            httpClient.close();
        }
        if (null != httpResponse) {
            httpResponse.close();
        }
    }

}

详细使用示例

GET 无参

调用接口：

http://localhost:8080/http/listUsers

没有入参。

HttpClientController#doGetNoParams()：GET请求接口不带参数

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/httpClient")
public class HttpClientController {

    @Autowired
    private HttpClientService httpClientService;

    // GET请求接口不带参数
    @GetMapping("/doGetNoParams")
    public String doGetNoParams() {
        return httpClientService.doGetNoParams();
    }

}

HttpClientServiceImpl#doGetNoParams()：GET 请求接口不带参数

@Slf4j
@Service
public class HttpClientServiceImpl implements HttpClientService {

    // GET请求接口不带参数
    @Override
    public String doGetNoParams() {
        String result = HttpClientUtil.doGetNoParams();
        log.info("【发送GET请求】返回结果为：{}", result);
        if (!StringUtil.isBlank(result)) {
            TaskCenterUtil taskCenterUtil = TaskCenterUtil.getTaskCenterUtil();
            taskCenterUtil.submitTask(() -> {
                log.info("【子线程】开启了一个新线程，当前线程名为：{}", Thread.currentThread().getName());
                return null;
            });
        }
        log.info("【主线程】当前线程名为：{}", Thread.currentThread().getName());
        return result;
    }

}

说明：

当 HTTP 调用成功后，通过线程池开一个子线程，去异步执行任务；主线程继续向下执行

HttpClientUtil#doGetNoParams()：GET请求接口不带参数

@Slf4j
public class HttpClientUtil {

    // 服务器ip
    public static final String IP = "http://localhost";

    // 端口
    public static final String PORT = ":8080";

    // GET请求接口不带参数
    public static final String GET_URL_NO_PARAMS = IP + PORT + "/http/listUsers";

    // GET请求接口不带参数
    public static String doGetNoParams() {
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create().build();
        // 创建 GET 请求
        HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(GET_URL_NO_PARAMS);
        httpGet.setHeader("Accept-Encoding", "identity");
        log.info("【发送GET请求】请求地址为：{}", GET_URL_NO_PARAMS);
        CloseableHttpResponse httpResponse = null;
        try {
            httpResponse = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
            HttpEntity httpEntity = httpResponse.getEntity();
            log.info("【发送GET请求】成功，相应状态为：{}", httpResponse.getStatusLine());
            if (HttpStatus.SC_OK == httpResponse.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() && null != httpEntity) {
                String result = EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity);
                log.info("【发送GET请求】成功，响应内容为：{}", result);
                return result;
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            log.error("【发送GET请求】失败，执行发送请求时，出现IO异常，异常信息为：{}", e);
            return null;
        } finally {
            try {
                close(httpClient, httpResponse);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                log.error("【发送GET请求】失败，关闭流时，出现IO异常，异常信息为：{}", e);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

}

说明：

通过类 HttpGet 发起 GET 请求。

HttpGet：有 3 个构造方法

public class HttpGet extends HttpRequestBase {

    public HttpGet() {
    }

    public HttpGet(URI uri) {
        this.setURI(uri);
    }

    public HttpGet(String uri) {
        this.setURI(URI.create(uri));
    }

    ...
}

这里使用了 public HttpGet(String uri); 方式来构造 HttpGet 实例。

HttpClientUtil#close()：关闭流

// 关闭流
public static void close(CloseableHttpClient httpClient, CloseableHttpResponse httpResponse) throws IOException{
    if (null != httpClient) {
        httpClient.close();
    }
    if (null != httpResponse) {
        httpResponse.close();
    }
}

TaskCenterUtil：线程池工具类

public class TaskCenterUtil {

    public static Integer CORE_POOL_SIZE = 10;
    public static Integer MAX_NUM_POOL_SIZE = 10;
    public static Integer MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE = 100;
    public static Long KEEP_ALIVE_TIME = 60L;

    private ThreadPoolExecutor poolExecutor = new ThreadPoolExecutor(CORE_POOL_SIZE, MAX_NUM_POOL_SIZE, KEEP_ALIVE_TIME,
            TimeUnit.SECONDS, new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(MAX_MESSAGE_SIZE), new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy());


    private TaskCenterUtil() {}

    private static TaskCenterUtil taskCenterUtil = new TaskCenterUtil();

    public static TaskCenterUtil getTaskCenterUtil() {
        return taskCenterUtil;
    }

    // 提交任务
    public void submitTask(Callable task) {
        poolExecutor.submit(task);
    }

}

POSTMAN 调用：

控制台打印日志：

GET 有参

方式一：使用 public HttpGet(String uri); 方式来构造 HttpGet 实例。即：使用 url 字符串来拼接参数。
方式二：使用 public HttpGet(URI uri); 方式来构造 HttpGet 实例。

调用接口：

http://localhost:8080/http/getUserById?id=1

入参：

id=1

HttpClientController#doGetParams()：GET请求接口带参数

@GetMapping("/doGetParams")
public String doGetParams(String id) {
    return httpClientService.doGetParams(id);
}

HttpClientServiceImpl：

@Override
public String doGetParams(String id) {
    String result = HttpClientUtil.doGetParams(id);
    log.info("【发送GET请求】返回结果为：{}", result);
    return result;
}

HttpClientUtil#doGetParams()：GET请求接口带参数

@Slf4j
public class HttpClientUtil {

    // GET请求接口带参数
    public static final String GET_URL_PARAMS = IP + PORT + "/http/getUserById";

    // 入参名称
    public static final String URL_PARAMS_ID = "id";
	
	// http 协议
    public static final String SCHEME_HTTP = "http";

    // 主机
    public static final String LOCAL_HOST = "localhost";

    // 请求接口路径
    public static final String GET_URL_PARAMS_PATH = "/http/getUserById";

    // 端口
    public static final Integer LOCAL_PORT = 8080;

    // GET请求接口带参数
    public static String doGetParams(String id) {
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create().build();
        // 不同方式获取 HttpGet
        // 方式一：
        HttpGet httpGet = getStrHttpGet(GET_URL_PARAMS, id);
        // 方式二：
        //HttpGet httpGet = getUrlHttpGet(id);
        // 获取请求头配置信息
        RequestConfig requestConfig = HttpClientConfig.getRequestConfig();
        httpGet.setConfig(requestConfig);
        CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
        try {
            response = httpClient.execute(httpGet);
            HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();
            log.info("【发送GET请求】成功，相应状态为：{}", response.getStatusLine());
            if (HttpStatus.SC_OK == response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() && null != httpEntity) {
                String result = EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity);
                log.info("【发送GET请求】成功，响应内容为：{}", result);
                return result;
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            log.error("【发送GET请求】失败，执行发送请求时，出现IO异常，异常信息为：{}", e);
            return null;
        } finally {
            try {
                close(httpClient, response);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                log.error("【发送GET请求】失败，关闭流时，出现IO异常，异常信息为：{}", e);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }
}

getStrHttpGet()：方式一：url拼接参数

public static HttpGet getStrHttpGet(String url, String id) {
    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
    // url 拼接参数  /http/getUserById?id=1
    String strUrl = builder.append(url).append("?").append(URL_PARAMS_ID).append("=").append(id).toString();
    log.info("【发送GET请求】请求地址为：{}", strUrl);
    HttpGet httpGet = new HttpGet(strUrl);
    return httpGet;
}

getUrlHttpGet()：方式二：URI对象

public static HttpGet getUrlHttpGet(String id) {
    // 将参数键值对放入集合中
    List<NameValuePair> params = new ArrayList<>();
    params.add(new BasicNameValuePair(URL_PARAMS_ID, id));
    try {
        URI uri = new URIBuilder()
                .setScheme(SCHEME_HTTP)
                .setHost(LOCAL_HOST)
                .setPort(LOCAL_PORT)
                .setPath(GET_URL_PARAMS_PATH)
                .setParameters(params).build();
        return new HttpGet(uri);
    } catch (URISyntaxException e) {
        log.error("【发送GET请求】构建URI失败，失败信息为：{}", e);
    }
    return null;
}

说明：

方式一是使用 public HttpGet(String uri); 方式来构造 HttpGet 实例
方式二是使用 public HttpGet(URL uri); 方式来构造 HttpGet 实例。即：使用 url 字符串来拼接参数。

POSTMAN 调用：

POST 无参

调用接口：

http://localhost:8080/http/listUserList

入参：无

HttpClientController#doPostNoParams()：POST请求接口不带参数

@PostMapping("/doPostNoParams")
public String doPostNoParams() {
    return httpClientService.doPostNoParams();
}

HttpClientServiceImpl#doPostNoParams()：

@Override
public String doPostNoParams() {
    String result = HttpClientUtil.doPostNoParams();
    log.info("【发送POST请求】返回结果为：{}", result);
    return result;
}

HttpClientUtil：

public class HttpClientUtil {

    // POST请求接口不带参数
    public static final String POST_URL_NO_PARAMS = IP + PORT + "/http/listUserList";
	
	// POST请求接口带参数
    public static final String POST_URL_PARAMS = IP + PORT + "/http/getUserVoById";

    // POST请求接口带参数 -- 对象参数
    public static final String POST_URL_PARAMS_OBJECT = IP + PORT + "/http/listUsers";

    // POST请求接口不带参数
    public static String doPostNoParams() {
        CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create().build();
        HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(POST_URL_NO_PARAMS);
        log.info("【发送POST请求】请求地址为：{}", POST_URL_NO_PARAMS);
        CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
        try {
            response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
            HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();
            log.info("【发送POST请求】成功，相应状态为：{}", response.getStatusLine());
            if (HttpStatus.SC_OK == response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() && null != httpEntity) {
                String result = EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity);
                log.info("【发送POST请求】成功，响应内容为：{}", result);
                return result;
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            log.error("【发送POST请求】失败，执行发送请求时，出现IO异常，异常信息为：{}", e);
            return null;
        } finally {
            try {
                close(httpClient, response);
            } catch (IOException e) {
                log.error("【发送POST请求】失败，关闭流时，出现IO异常，异常信息为：{}", e);
            }
        }
        return null;
    }

}

POST 有参

参数是：普通参数。方式与GET一样即可，直接在 url 后缀上拼接参数
参数是：对象。将参数以请求体 request-body 的方式进行请求
参数是：普通参数+对象。普通参数直接在 url 后缀上拼接参数；对象以请求体 request-body 的方式进行请求

普通参数

请求接口：

http://localhost:8080/http/getUserVoById?id=1

对象参数

请求接口：

http://localhost:8080/http/listUsers

入参 UserVo：

{
	"id": 1
}

即：这个接口可以随便写

@PostMapping("/listUsers")
public List<UserVo> listUsers(@RequestBody UserVo userVo) {
    return httpService.listUsers();
}

HttpClientController#doPostParams()：POST请求接口带参数

@PostMapping("/doPostParams")
public String doPostParams(String id) {
    return httpClientService.doPostParams(id);
}

HttpClientServiceImpl#doPostParams()：

@Override
public String doPostParams(String id) {
    String result = HttpClientUtil.doPostParams(id);
    log.info("【发送POST请求】返回结果为：{}", result);
    return result;
}

HttpClientUtil#doPostParams()：

public static String doPostParams(String id) {
    CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create().build();
    // 参数是普通参数
    HttpPost httpPost = getStrHttpPost(POST_URL_PARAMS, id);
    // 参数是对象
    //HttpPost httpPost = getObjectHttpPost(id);
    // 设置ContentType(注:如果只是传普通参数的话,ContentType不一定非要用application/json)
    httpPost.setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=utf8");
    CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
    try {
        response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
        HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();
        log.info("【发送POST请求】成功，相应状态为：{}", response.getStatusLine());
        if (HttpStatus.SC_OK == response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() && null != httpEntity) {
            String result = EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity);
            log.info("【发送POST请求】成功，响应内容为：{}", result);
            return result;
        }
    } catch (IOException e) {
        log.error("【发送POST请求】失败，执行发送请求时，出现IO异常，异常信息为：{}", e);
        return null;
    } finally {
        try {
            close(httpClient, response);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            log.error("【发送POST请求】失败，关闭流时，出现IO异常，异常信息为：{}", e);
        }
    }
    return null;
}

getStrHttpPost()：POST请求有参：普通参数

public static HttpPost getStrHttpPost(String url, String id) {
    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
    // url 拼接参数  /http/getUserVoById?id=1
    String strUrl = builder.append(url).append("?").append(URL_PARAMS_ID).append("=").append(id).toString();
    log.info("【发送POST请求】请求地址为：{}", strUrl);
    HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(strUrl);
    return httpPost;
}

getObjectHttpPost()：POST请求有参：对象参数

public static HttpPost getObjectHttpPost(String id) {
    HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(POST_URL_PARAMS_OBJECT);
    log.info("【发送POST请求】请求地址为：{}", POST_URL_PARAMS_OBJECT);
    UserVo userVo = new UserVo();
    userVo.setId(id);
    // 将JAVA对象转换为Json字符串
    String jsonString = JSON.toJSONString(userVo);
    StringEntity stringEntity = new StringEntity(jsonString, "UTF-8");
    // post请求是将参数放在请求体里面传过去的
    httpPost.setEntity(stringEntity);
    return httpPost;
}

普通参数 + 对象

// params：name=zzc&age=17  marshal:json 串
public static String post(String url, String params, String marshal) {
    CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create().build();
    String strUrl = url + "?" + params;
    HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(strUrl);
    httpPost.setHeader("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=utf8");

    CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
    try {
        // 设置 requst-body 参数
        ByteArrayEntity entity = new ByteArrayEntity(marshal.getBytes("UTF-8"));
        entity.setContentType("application/json");
        httpPost.setEntity(entity);

        response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
        HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();
        if (HttpStatus.SC_OK == response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() && null != httpEntity) {
            String result = EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity);
            return result;
        }
    } catch (Exception e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    } finally {
        try {
            close(httpClient, response);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    return null;
}

表单提交

public static String post(String url, Map<String, String> params) {
    CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClientBuilder.create().build();
    HttpPost httpPost = new HttpPost(url);
    httpPost.setHeader("Content-Type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");
    // 参数
    List<NameValuePair> nameValuePairs = new ArrayList<>();
    if (MapUtils.isNotEmpty(params)) {
        params.forEach((x, y) -> {
            nameValuePairs.add(new BasicNameValuePair(x, y));
        });
    }
    CloseableHttpResponse response = null;
    try {
        httpPost.setEntity(new UrlEncodedFormEntity(nameValuePairs));
        response = httpClient.execute(httpPost);
        HttpEntity httpEntity = response.getEntity();
        if (HttpStatus.SC_OK == response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode() && null != httpEntity) {
            return EntityUtils.toString(httpEntity);
        }
    } catch (IOException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    } finally {
        try {
            close(httpClient, response);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
    throw new JeecgBootException("调用accessToken API失败");
}

总结

以上为个人经验，希望能给大家一个参考，也希望大家多多支持脚本之家。

在SpringBoot中如何使用HttpClient实现HTTP请求

SpringBoot使用HttpClient实现HTTP请求

详细使用示例

总结

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