MySQL的order by如何避免"未命中索引"(推荐)
作者:_陈哈哈
不少同学私信我说,用Explain查看Order By语句执行计划时经常发现用不上索引,难道花好多时间和资源创建的联合索引都摆烂了?今天我把几个同学遇到的情况整理出来,做一个Order By使用索引的坑点分享。希望对你有用。
要学会如何使用,你先要搞清楚:1、怎么看SQL是否用上了索引;2、怎么写SQL能避开出错点。
对了,如果对Explain查看索引命中情况比较了解的同学可以直接跳转第三部分。
一、测试数据导入
-- ---------------------------- -- Table structure for t_lol -- ---------------------------- DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `t_lol`; CREATE TABLE `t_lol` ( `id` int(0) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `hero_title` varchar(32) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL, `hero_name` varchar(32) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL, `price` int(0) NULL DEFAULT NULL, `sex` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) USING BTREE, INDEX `idx_title_name_price`(`hero_title`, `hero_name`, `price`) USING BTREE ) ENGINE = InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT = 11 CHARACTER SET = utf8mb4 COLLATE = utf8mb4_general_ci ROW_FORMAT = Dynamic; -- ---------------------------- -- Records of t_lol -- ---------------------------- INSERT INTO `t_lol` VALUES (1, '刀锋之影', '泰隆', 6300, NULL); INSERT INTO `t_lol` VALUES (2, '迅捷斥候', '提莫', 6300, NULL); INSERT INTO `t_lol` VALUES (3, '光辉女郎', '拉克丝', 1350, NULL); INSERT INTO `t_lol` VALUES (4, '发条魔灵', '奥莉安娜', 6300, NULL); INSERT INTO `t_lol` VALUES (5, '至高之拳', '李青', 6300, NULL); INSERT INTO `t_lol` VALUES (6, '无极剑圣', '易', 450, NULL); INSERT INTO `t_lol` VALUES (7, '疾风剑豪', '亚索', 6300, NULL); INSERT INTO `t_lol` VALUES (8, '女枪', '好运', 1350, NULL);
二、Explain查看索引使用情况
查看Explain执行计划是我们开发人员必须掌握的一个技能,下一篇我会整理Explain执行计划的详细查看方法。
本篇文章是查看索引使用情况,我们通过key
列、Extra
列判断足矣。key
列即展示使用到的索引,下面重点看一下当使用到索引
即key列
有值时,Extra列展示的相关信息都代表啥。
2-1、Using index
构成了覆盖索引,where筛选条件也符合索引的最左前缀原则。
2-2、Using where,Using index
- 查询的列被索引覆盖,并且where筛选条件是索引列之一但是不是索引的前导列,无法直接通过索引查找来查询到符合条件的数据。
- 查询的列被索引覆盖,并且where筛选条件是索引列前导列的一个范围,同样意味着无法直接通过索引查找查询到符合条件的数据。
2-3、NULL
既没有Using index,也没有Using where,Using index,也没有using where。
查询的列未被索引覆盖,并且where筛选条件是索引的前导列。意味着可能用到了索引(我们可以根据key列判断是否用上索引)
,但是部分字段未被索引覆盖,必须通过回表
来实现。
2-4、Using where
- 查询的列未被索引覆盖,where筛选条件非索引的前导列;
- 查询的列未被索引覆盖,where筛选条件非索引列;
using where 意味着通过表扫描的方式进行where条件的过滤,也就是没找到可用的索引。
当然也有特例,如果优化器判断索引扫描+回表的代价
相比全表扫描
的代价更大,则主动放弃索引的使用。
如果explain中type列值为all,说明MySQL认为全表扫描是一种比较低的代价。
2-5、Using index condition
- 查询的列不全在索引中,where条件中是一个前导列的范围查询;
- 查询列不完全被索引覆盖,但查询条件可以使用到索引;
三、Order By的使用示例
3-1、原表索引数据
mysql> show index from t_lol; +-------+------------+----------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+---------+------------+ | Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment | Visible | Expression | +-------+------------+----------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+---------+------------+ | t_lol | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | id | A | 8 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | | YES | NULL | | t_lol | 1 | idx_title_name_price | 1 | hero_title | A | 8 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | | YES | NULL | | t_lol | 1 | idx_title_name_price | 2 | hero_name | A | 8 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | | YES | NULL | | t_lol | 1 | idx_title_name_price | 3 | price | A | 8 | NULL | NULL | YES | BTREE | | | YES | NULL | +-------+------------+----------------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+---------+------------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
该表中有一个主键索引PRIMARY
和一个联合索引idx_title_name_price(hero_title, hero_name, price)
3-2、不含where语句的示例
示例1:
直接select联合索引三列,如下,可构造覆盖索引,不回表直接返回索引文件中的数据。
mysql> -- 使用了覆盖索引 mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT `hero_title`, `hero_name`, `price` from t_lol; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_lol | NULL | index | NULL | idx_title_name_price | 267 | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
示例2:
加上ORDER BY hero_title
,功能和示例1完全相同,因为BTree索引有序,省去了自左向右各索引列的排序工作。
mysql> -- 同上,使用了覆盖索引(由于B树索引类型有序,省去了排序) mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT `hero_title`, `hero_name`, `price` from t_lol ORDER BY hero_title; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_lol | NULL | index | NULL | idx_title_name_price | 267 | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
示例3:
使用了覆盖索引,MySQL 8.0新特性-倒叙索引 desc index。
mysql> -- 使用了覆盖索引,MySQL 8.0新特性-倒叙索引 desc index mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT `hero_title`, `hero_name`, `price` from t_lol ORDER BY hero_title desc; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_lol | NULL | index | NULL | idx_title_name_price | 267 | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Backward index scan; Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------------------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
示例4:
仅使用了ORDER BY price,联合索引左侧两列未使用,违反了最左原则,无法通过索引进行检索,但由于查询的各列构成覆盖索引,所以不用回表,可以直接拿索引文件中的数据进行二次重排序 → Using index; Using filesort
mysql> -- 违反了最左原则,直接ORDER BY col3; mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT `hero_title`, `hero_name`, `price` from t_lol ORDER BY price; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_lol | NULL | index | NULL | idx_title_name_price | 267 | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using index; Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
示例5:
多查了一列sex
,由于sex
字段是不包含在idx_title_name_price
索引中所以无法使用该索引,当然,如果是select * 就更容易出现该情况。因此会走全表扫描+临时表排序(Using filesort),即Extra: Using filesort
。
这里我们很容易误解。因为我也感觉如果仅通过索引排序,即使select cols中使用到索引以外的列,仅用索引来排序再回表查也当是没问题才对,但使用时发现并不行。当舔狗的机会都没有?
但!需要注意的是,如果where中有hero_title条件,便可以使用到索引了!
那么说来,如果场景允许的话,我们是否可以构造一个如hero_title is not null的条件或force index强制使用索引等方式,来让我们的SQL硬用
到索引的排序功能呢?emmm,好一个硬用
方式。`
mysql> -- 未用到索引;因为多查了一列`sex`,当然,如果是select * 就更不用说了,无法构成覆盖索引,因此回表进行全表扫描+临 时表排序(Using filesort),最慢 mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT `hero_title`, `hero_name`, `price`,`sex` from t_lol ORDER BY hero_title; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_lol | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 8 | 100.00 | Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+----------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
3-3、包含where条件的
示例6:
当出现where和order by的条件为联合索引(a,b,c)中的(a,c);
根据最左原则,只使用到了联合索引的hero_title列索引,后面两列被中断了,ORDER BY price无法使用到索引,故后面的排序只能通过后建临时表的方式来排序,即Extra:Using index; Using filesort
mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT `hero_title`, `hero_name`, `price` from t_lol where `hero_title` = '女枪' ORDER BY price; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_lol | NULL | ref | idx_title_name_price | idx_title_name_price | 131 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index; Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
示例7:
当出现where和order by的条件为联合索引(a,b,c)中的(a,b);能否使用索引?
可以,实现了Using index覆盖索引,这里是触发了5.6推出的索引下推的特性,又根据最左原则使用到了联合索引(hero_title,hero_name)。
mysql> -- Using index覆盖索引,这里是触发了索引下推的特性 mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT `hero_title`, `hero_name`, `price` from t_lol where `hero_title` = '女枪' ORDER BY `hero_name`; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_lol | NULL | ref | idx_title_name_price | idx_title_name_price | 131 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
示例8:
当出现where和order by的条件为联合索引(a,b,c)中的(a,b);但where条件a查询使用了范围查询,b能否使用索引?
我们根据最左原则知道,如果查询条件出现范围查询(如between、<、>等),索引使用即中断,后续条件无法再使用索引。这里同样,ORDER BY hero_name
由于被中断无法使用索引,索引下推也无法使用。因此需要 Using filesort自行排序。
mysql> -- 未构成覆盖索引,这里无法触发索引下推特性,因为' > '将索引使用截断了。因此需要 Using filesort自行排序 mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT `hero_title`, `hero_name`, `price` from t_lol where `hero_title` > '女枪' ORDER BY `hero_name`; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_lol | NULL | range | idx_title_name_price | idx_title_name_price | 131 | NULL | 4 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index; Using filesort | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
特性9:
当select [cols…]查询了联合索引(a,b,c)外的列(常见的select *)会如何?
如下,用上了索引idx_title_name_price,但由于多了sex
字段,在索引查询后需要再回表查询。
mysql> -- 用上了索引,由于多了`sex`字段,在索引查询后需要再回表查询。 mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT `hero_title`, `hero_name`, `price`,`sex` from t_lol where `hero_title` = '女枪' ORDER BY `hero_name`; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_lol | NULL | ref | idx_title_name_price | idx_title_name_price | 131 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------------+----------------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
小结
假设联合索引index(a,b,c)
,总结一些条件命中索引的情况;
1、仅有 order by 条件,使用索引,基于最左前缀原则
order by a; order by a,b; order by a,b,c; order by a asc,b asc,c asc; order by a desc,b desc,c desc;
2、条件包含where和order by,使用索引
where a= 'chenhh' order by b,c; where a= 'chenhh' and b= 'chenhh' order by c; where a= 'chenhh' and b> 'chenhh' order by b,c;
3、order by无法通过索引进行排序的情况
order by a asc,b desc, c desc; where g=const order by b,c; where a=const order by c; where a=const order by a,d; -- d不是索引一部分 where a in (....) order by b,c; -- 对于排序来说,多个相等条件也是范围查询
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