MsSql

关注公众号 jb51net

关闭
首页 > 数据库 > MsSql > SQL Server命令大全

SQL Server数据库命令整理大全

作者:极致人生-010

刚开始学数据库,可能一下子记不住那么多的命令,或者命令太多,容易混淆,不知道如何选择最合适的那一条,所以我在这里整理好了一份经常会用到的一些,这篇文章主要给大家介绍了关于SQL Server数据库命令整理大全的相关资料,需要的朋友可以参考下

SQL Server 中包含了大量的命令用于数据库的管理、查询和操作。以下是一些主要命令分类及其简要示例:

1. 数据库管理

CREATE DATABASE MyDatabase;
DROP DATABASE MyDatabase;
USE MyDatabase;

2. 表操作

CREATE TABLE Employees (
    EmployeeID int PRIMARY KEY,
    FirstName nvarchar(50),
    LastName nvarchar(50),
    HireDate datetime
);
INSERT INTO Employees (EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, HireDate)
VALUES (1, 'John', 'Doe', '2023-01-01');
UPDATE Employees
SET FirstName = 'Jane'
WHERE EmployeeID = 1;
DELETE FROM Employees
WHERE EmployeeID = 1;
ALTER TABLE Employees
ADD DepartmentID int FOREIGN KEY REFERENCES Departments(DepartmentID);

3. 查询数据

SELECT * FROM Employees;
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 2;
SELECT * FROM Employees ORDER BY HireDate DESC;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees;
SELECT DepartmentID, COUNT(*) AS CountOfEmployees
FROM Employees
GROUP BY DepartmentID;

4. 连接查询

SELECT E.FirstName, D.DepartmentName 
FROM Employees E
INNER JOIN Departments D ON E.DepartmentID = D.DepartmentID;

5. 存储过程与函数

CREATE PROCEDURE GetEmployeesByDepartment @deptId INT
AS
BEGIN
    SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = @deptId;
END
EXEC GetEmployeesByDepartment 2;
CREATE FUNCTION dbo.GetTotalEmployees(@deptId INT) RETURNS INT
AS
BEGIN
    RETURN (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = @deptId);
END
SELECT dbo.GetTotalEmployees(2) AS TotalEmpInDept2;

6. 视图

CREATE VIEW EmployeeNames AS
SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employees;
SELECT * FROM EmployeeNames;

7. 索引

CREATE INDEX IX_Employees_DepartmentID ON Employees (DepartmentID);
DROP INDEX IX_Employees_DepartmentID ON Employees;

8. 其他常用命令

BEGIN TRANSACTION;
-- 执行一系列操作...
COMMIT TRANSACTION;
BACKUP DATABASE MyDatabase TO DISK = 'C:\backup\MyDatabase.bak';
RESTORE DATABASE MyDatabase FROM DISK = 'C:\backup\MyDatabase.bak';

9. 用户与权限管理

CREATE LOGIN NewUser WITH PASSWORD = 'StrongPassword!';
CREATE USER UserForDB FOR LOGIN NewUser;
ALTER ROLE db_datareader ADD MEMBER UserForDB; -- 给予读权限
ALTER ROLE db_datawriter ADD MEMBER UserForDB; -- 给予写权限
DROP USER UserForDB;
GRANT SELECT ON Employees TO UserForDB;
DENY UPDATE ON Employees TO UserForDB;
REVOKE DELETE ON Employees FROM UserForDB;

10. 数据备份与恢复

BACKUP DATABASE MyDatabase
TO DISK = 'C:\Backup\MyDatabase.bak'
WITH FORMAT, MEDIANAME = 'MyDatabase_Full', NAME = 'Full Backup';
BACKUP DATABASE MyDatabase
TO DISK = 'C:\Backup\MyDatabase_diff.bak'
WITH DIFFERENTIAL, FORMAT, MEDIANAME = 'MyDatabase_Diff', NAME = 'Differential Backup';
BACKUP LOG MyDatabase
TO DISK = 'C:\Backup\MyDatabase_log.trn'
WITH NOFORMAT, NOINIT, NAME = N'MyDatabase_LogBackup', SKIP, NOREWIND, NOUNLOAD, STATS = 10;
RESTORE DATABASE MyDatabase
FROM DISK = 'C:\Backup\MyDatabase.bak'
WITH FILE = 1, NOUNLOAD, REPLACE, STATS = 5;

11. 系统函数与信息查询

SELECT @@VERSION;
sp_help 'Employees';
SELECT GETDATE() AS CurrentDateTime;

12. 其他高级特性

SELECT 
    EmployeeID, 
    FirstName, 
    Salary,
    AVG(Salary) OVER (PARTITION BY DepartmentID) AS AvgSalaryInDept
FROM Employees;
WITH EmpSalaries AS (
    SELECT EmployeeID, Salary
    FROM Employees
)
SELECT * FROM EmpSalaries WHERE Salary > (SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM EmpSalaries);

13. 分区表

CREATE PARTITION FUNCTION pf_EmployeesRange (int)
AS RANGE RIGHT FOR VALUES 
(2000, 2005, 2010, 2015);
CREATE PARTITION SCHEME ps_Employees 
AS PARTITION pf_EmployeesRange 
TO (
    [PrimaryFileGroup], 
    [SecondaryFileGroup1],
    [SecondaryFileGroup2],
    [SecondaryFileGroup3]
);
CREATE TABLE PartitionedEmployees (
    EmployeeID int PRIMARY KEY,
    HireDate int NOT NULL
) ON ps_Employees(HireDate);

14. 高级查询操作

SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1
UNION ALL
SELECT FirstName, LastName FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 2;
SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1
INTERSECT
SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 2;

SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1
EXCEPT
SELECT EmployeeID FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 2;

15. 复制与同步

16. 异步处理与作业调度

USE msdb;
GO
EXEC sp_add_job @job_name=N'MyBackupJob', 
                @enabled=1, 
                @description='Daily backup job';
GO

-- 添加作业步骤
EXEC sp_add_jobstep @job_name=N'MyBackupJob', 
                   @step_name=N'Backup Database',
                   @subsystem=N'TSQL', 
                   @command=N'BACKUP DATABASE MyDatabase TO DISK = ''C:\Backup\MyDatabase.bak'';',
                   @retry_attempts=5, 
                   @retry_interval=5;
GO

-- 启用作业调度
EXEC dbo.sp_add_schedule
    @schedule_name = N'DailyAtMidnight',
    @freq_type = 4, -- 每日
    @freq_interval = 1, -- 每天运行一次
    @active_start_time = 000000; -- 在午夜开始

-- 将作业与调度关联
EXEC sp_attach_schedule
    @job_name = N'MyBackupJob', 
    @schedule_name = N'DailyAtMidnight';
GO

17. 查询执行计划

-- 在查询语句前添加EXPLAIN 或者 SET SHOWPLAN_ALL ON
SET SHOWPLAN_ALL ON;
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1;
SET SHOWPLAN_ALL OFF;

-- 或使用图形化方式查看
-- 在SQL Server Management Studio中,运行查询后右键选择"包括实际执行计划"
SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = 1;

18. 引用外部数据

SELECT *
FROM OPENROWSET('Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0', 'Text;Database=C:\Data;HDR=YES;FMT=Delimited', 'SELECT * FROM [Employees.txt]');
-- 创建链接服务器
EXEC sp_addlinkedserver @server = N'MyLinkedServer', @srvproduct=N'OtherDB', @provider=N'SQLNCLI', @datasrc=N'ServerName\InstanceName';

-- 使用链接服务器查询数据
SELECT * 
FROM MyLinkedServer.RemoteDB.dbo.Employees;

19. 动态SQL

DECLARE @DepartmentID INT = 1;
DECLARE @SQL NVARCHAR(MAX) = N'SELECT * FROM Employees WHERE DepartmentID = ' + CAST(@DepartmentID AS NVARCHAR(10));
EXEC sp_executesql @SQL;

20. 自增序列与标识符

CREATE TABLE Orders (
    OrderID INT IDENTITY(1,1),
    CustomerID INT,
    OrderDate DATE,
    PRIMARY KEY (OrderID)
);

21. 数据类型转换

SELECT CAST('1234' AS INT), CONVERT(INT, '1234');

22. CASE表达式和IIF函数

SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName,
    CASE WHEN Salary > 50000 THEN 'High'
         WHEN Salary > 30000 THEN 'Medium'
         ELSE 'Low'
    END AS SalaryLevel
FROM Employees;
SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName,
    IIF(Salary > 50000, 'High', IIF(Salary > 30000, 'Medium', 'Low')) AS SalaryLevel
FROM Employees;

23. 数据库快照

CREATE DATABASE MyDatabase_snapshot ON 
    (NAME = MyDatabase, FILENAME = 'C:\Snapshots\MyDatabase_snapshot.ss')
AS SNAPSHOT OF MyDatabase;
RESTORE DATABASE MyDatabase FROM DATABASE_SNAPSHOT = 'MyDatabase_snapshot';

总结 

到此这篇关于SQL Server数据库命令整理大全的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关SQL Server命令大全内容请搜索脚本之家以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持脚本之家!

您可能感兴趣的文章:
阅读全文