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对于Python中线程问题的简单讲解

作者:Akshar Raaj

这篇文章主要介绍了对于Python中线程问题的简单讲解,线程一直是Python编程当中的热点问题,而本文没有涉及GIL线程锁方面的内容,需要的朋友可以参考下

我们将会看到一些在Python中使用线程的实例和如何避免线程之间的竞争。你应当将下边的例子运行多次,以便可以注意到线程是不可预测的和线程每次运行出的不同结果。声明:从这里开始忘掉你听到过的关于GIL的东西,因为GIL不会影响到我想要展示的东西。

示例1

我们将要请求五个不同的url:
单线程
 

import time
import urllib2
 
def get_responses():
 urls = [
  'http://www.google.com',
  'http://www.amazon.com',
  'http://www.ebay.com',
  'http://www.alibaba.com',
  'http://www.reddit.com'
 ]
 start = time.time()
 for url in urls:
  print url
  resp = urllib2.urlopen(url)
  print resp.getcode()
 print "Elapsed time: %s" % (time.time()-start)
 
get_responses()

输出是:
 

http://www.google.com 200
http://www.amazon.com 200
http://www.ebay.com 200
http://www.alibaba.com 200
http://www.reddit.com 200
Elapsed time: 3.0814409256

解释:

多线程
 

import urllib2
import time
from threading import Thread
 
class GetUrlThread(Thread):
 def __init__(self, url):
  self.url = url
  super(GetUrlThread, self).__init__()
 
 def run(self):
  resp = urllib2.urlopen(self.url)
  print self.url, resp.getcode()
 
def get_responses():
 urls = [
  'http://www.google.com',
  'http://www.amazon.com',
  'http://www.ebay.com',
  'http://www.alibaba.com',
  'http://www.reddit.com'
 ]
 start = time.time()
 threads = []
 for url in urls:
  t = GetUrlThread(url)
  threads.append(t)
  t.start()
 for t in threads:
  t.join()
 print "Elapsed time: %s" % (time.time()-start)
 
get_responses()

输出:
 

http://www.reddit.com 200
http://www.google.com 200
http://www.amazon.com 200
http://www.alibaba.com 200
http://www.ebay.com 200
Elapsed time: 0.689890861511

解释:

关于线程:

实例2

我们将会用一个程序演示一下多线程间的资源竞争,并修复这个问题。
 

from threading import Thread
 
#define a global variable
some_var = 0
 
class IncrementThread(Thread):
 def run(self):
  #we want to read a global variable
  #and then increment it
  global some_var
  read_value = some_var
  print "some_var in %s is %d" % (self.name, read_value)
  some_var = read_value + 1
  print "some_var in %s after increment is %d" % (self.name, some_var)
 
def use_increment_thread():
 threads = []
 for i in range(50):
  t = IncrementThread()
  threads.append(t)
  t.start()
 for t in threads:
  t.join()
 print "After 50 modifications, some_var should have become 50"
 print "After 50 modifications, some_var is %d" % (some_var,)
 
use_increment_thread()

多次运行这个程序,你会看到多种不同的结果。

解释:

为什么没有达到50?

解决资源竞争
 

from threading import Lock, Thread
lock = Lock()
some_var = 0
 
class IncrementThread(Thread):
 def run(self):
  #we want to read a global variable
  #and then increment it
  global some_var
  lock.acquire()
  read_value = some_var
  print "some_var in %s is %d" % (self.name, read_value)
  some_var = read_value + 1
  print "some_var in %s after increment is %d" % (self.name, some_var)
  lock.release()
 
def use_increment_thread():
 threads = []
 for i in range(50):
  t = IncrementThread()
  threads.append(t)
  t.start()
 for t in threads:
  t.join()
 print "After 50 modifications, some_var should have become 50"
 print "After 50 modifications, some_var is %d" % (some_var,)
 
use_increment_thread()

再次运行这个程序,达到了我们预期的结果。

解释:

实例3

让我们用一个例子来证明一个线程不能影响其他线程内的变量(非全局变量)。

time.sleep()可以使一个线程挂起,强制线程切换发生。
 

from threading import Thread
import time
 
class CreateListThread(Thread):
 def run(self):
  self.entries = []
  for i in range(10):
   time.sleep(1)
   self.entries.append(i)
  print self.entries
 
def use_create_list_thread():
 for i in range(3):
  t = CreateListThread()
  t.start()
 
use_create_list_thread()

运行几次后发现并没有打印出争取的结果。当一个线程正在打印的时候,cpu切换到了另一个线程,所以产生了不正确的结果。我们需要确保print self.entries是个逻辑上的原子操作,以防打印时被其他线程打断。

我们使用了Lock(),来看下边的例子。
 

from threading import Thread, Lock
import time
 
lock = Lock()
 
class CreateListThread(Thread):
 def run(self):
  self.entries = []
  for i in range(10):
   time.sleep(1)
   self.entries.append(i)
  lock.acquire()
  print self.entries
  lock.release()
 
def use_create_list_thread():
 for i in range(3):
  t = CreateListThread()
  t.start()

use_create_list_thread()

这次我们看到了正确的结果。证明了一个线程不可以修改其他线程内部的变量(非全局变量)。

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