Mysql

关注公众号 jb51net

关闭
首页 > 数据库 > Mysql > MySQL子查询

MySQL实例讲解子查询的使用

作者:瀛台夜雪

所谓子查询是指在一个查询中嵌套了其他的若干查询,即在一个SELECT查询语句的WHERE或FROM子句中包含另一个SELECT查询语句,下面这篇文章主要给大家介绍了关于MySQL子查询的相关资料,需要的朋友可以参考下

子查询-嵌套查询

子查询是指一个查询语句嵌套在另一个语句内部的查询

原始查询方法

SELECT last_name,salaryFROM employeesWHERE last_name='Abel';SELECT last_name,salaryFROM employeesWHERE salary>11000;

自连接

SELECT e2.last_name,e2.salaryFROM employees e1,employees e2WHERE e2.salary>e1.salary AND e1.last_name='Abel';

子查询

SELECT last_name,salaryFROM employeesWHERE salary>(SELECT salaryFROM employeesWHERE last_name='Abel');

称谓的规范:外查询(或主查询),内查询

注意事项

子查询分类

单行子查询 vs 多行子查询

相关子查询vs不相关子查询

单行子查询

单行比较运算符

操作符含义
=equal to
>greater than
>=greater than or equal to
<less than
<=less than or equal to
<>not equal to

子查询的编写思路

SELECT * 
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
		SELECT salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE employee_id=149
);
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id=(
		SELECT job_id
		FROM employees
		WHERE employee_id=141
)
AND 
salary >(
	SELECT salary
	FROM employees
	WHERE employee_id=143
);
SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id=(
									SELECT manager_id
									FROM employees
									WHERE employee_id=141
)
AND 
department_id=(
									SELECT department_id
									FROM employees
									WHERE employee_id=141
)
AND
employee_id<>141;
SELECT employee_id,manager_id,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE (manager_id,department_id)=(
									SELECT manager_id,department_id
									FROM employees
									WHERE employee_id=141
)
AND 
employee_id<>141;

HAVING中的子查询

SELECT department_id,MIN(salary)
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
						SELECT MIN(salary)
						FROM employees
						WHERE department_id=50		
);

CASE中的子查询

在CASE表达式中使用单列子查询

SELECT employee_id,last_name ,CASE department_id WHEN (SELECT department_id FROM departments WHERE location_id=1800) THEN 'Canada'																								ELSE 'USA' END 'location'
FROM employees;

子查询中的空值问题

若内查询查询结果为空的,则不会报错,子查询不会返回任何行

非法使用子查询

多行子查询

多行子查询也被称为集合比较子查询

内查询返回多行数据

使用多行比较操作符

多行比较操作符

操作符含义
IN等于列表中的任意一个
ANY需要和单行比较操作符一起使用,和子查询返回的某一个值比较(任一)
ALL需要和单行比较操作符一起使用,和子查询返回的所有值比较
SOME实际上是ANY的别名,作用相同,一般常使用ANY

MySQL中聚合函数是不能嵌套的

SELECT employee_id,last_name
FROM employees 
WHERE salary IN
(
	SELECT MIN(salary)
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
);
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id<>'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ANY (
	SELECT salary 
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
);
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id<>'IT_PROG'
AND salary < ALL (
	SELECT salary 
	FROM employees
	WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
);
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary) <= ALL (
	SELECT AVG(salary) avgsal
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
);
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING AVG(salary)=
(
SELECT MIN(avgsal)
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) avgsal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) dbsal
);

多行子查询空值问题

子查询中存在空值的情况将使得查询结果生成的位空

相关子查询

如果子查询的执行依赖于外部查询,通常情况下是因为子查询中的表用到了外部的表,并进行了条件关联,因此每职系那个一次外部查询,子查询都需要重新计算一次,这样的子查询便被称之为关联子查询

相关子查询按照一行接一行的顺序执行,主查询的每一行都执行一次子查询

SELECT last_name,salary,department_id
FROM employees e1
WHERE salary > (
	SELECT AVG(salary) 
	FROM employees e2 
	WHERE department_id=e1.department_id
);
#在from中进行子查询
SELECT e1.last_name,e1.salary,e1.department_id
FROM employees e1,
(
SELECT department_id ,AVG(salary) avgs
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) t1
WHERE e1.department_id=t1.depa
SELECT employee_id,salary
FROM employees e
ORDER BY(
	SELECT department_name
	FROM departments d
	WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id
) ASC;
SELECT employee_id,last_name,job_id
FROM employees e
WHERE 2<= (
	SELECT COUNT(*)
	FROM job_history j
	WHERE e.employee_id=j.employee_id
)

结论:在SELECT中,除了GROUP BY和LIMIT之外,其他位置都可以声明子查询

EXISTS与NOT EXISTS 关键字

关联子查询通常也会和EXISTS操作符一起来使用,用来检查在子查询中是否存在满足条件的行

如果在子查询中不存在满足条件的行

如果在子查询中存在满足条件的行

NOT EXISTS关键字表示不存在某种条件,则返回TRUE,否则返回FALSE

到此这篇关于MySQL实例讲解子查询的使用的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关MySQL子查询内容请搜索脚本之家以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持脚本之家!

您可能感兴趣的文章:
阅读全文