盘点Java中延时任务的多种实现方式
作者:funnee
场景描述
①需要实现一个定时发布系统通告的功能,如何实现? ②支付超时,订单自动取消,如何实现?
实现方式
一、挂起线程
推荐指数:★★☆ 优点: JDK原生(JUC包下)支持,无需引入新的依赖; 缺点: (1)基于内存,应用重启(或宕机)会导致任务丢失 (2)基于内存挂起线程实现延时,不支持集群 (3)代码耦合性大,不易维护 (4)一个任务就要新建一个线程绑定任务的执行,容易造成资源浪费
①配置延迟任务专用线程池
/** * 线程池配置 */ @Configuration @EnableAsync @EnableConfigurationProperties(ThreadPoolProperties.class) public class ThreadPoolConfig { //ThreadPoolProperties的配置依据需求和服务器配置自行配置 @Resource private ThreadPoolProperties threadPoolProperties; //延迟任务队列容量 private final static int DELAY_TASK_QUEUE_CAPACITY = 100; @Bean public ThreadPoolTaskExecutor delayTaskExecutor() { log.info("start delayTaskExecutor"); ThreadPoolTaskExecutor threadPool = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor(); //配置核心线程数 threadPool.setCorePoolSize(threadPoolProperties.getCorePoolSize()); //配置最大线程数 threadPool.setMaxPoolSize(threadPoolProperties.getMaxPoolSize()); //配置队列大小 threadPool.setQueueCapacity(DELAY_TASK_QUEUE_CAPACITY); //线程最大存活时间 threadPool.setKeepAliveSeconds (threadPoolProperties.getKeepAliveSeconds()); //配置线程池中的线程的名称前缀 threadPool.setThreadNamePrefix(threadPoolProperties.getThreadNamePrefix()); // rejection-policy:当pool已经达到max size的时候执行的策略 threadPool.setRejectedExecutionHandler(new ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy()); //执行初始化 threadPool.initialize(); return threadPool; } }
②创建延时任务
在需要执行的代码块创建延时任务
delayTaskExecutor.execute(() -> { try { //线程挂起指定时间 TimeUnit.MINUTES.sleep(time); //执行业务逻辑 doSomething(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { log.error("线程被打断,执行业务逻辑失败"); } });
二、ScheduledExecutorService 延迟任务线程池
推荐指数:★★★ 优点: 代码简洁,JDK原生支持 缺点: (1)基于内存,应用重启(或宕机)会导致任务丢失 (2)基于内存存放任务,不支持集群 (3)一个任务就要新建一个线程绑定任务的执行,容易造成资源浪费
class Task implements Runnable{ @Override public void run() { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getId()+":"+Thread.currentThread().getName()); System.out.println("scheduledExecutorService====>>>延时器"); } } public class ScheduleServiceTest { public static void main(String[] args) { ScheduledExecutorService scheduledExecutorService=new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(10); scheduledExecutorService.schedule(new Task(),1, TimeUnit.SECONDS); scheduledExecutorService.schedule(new Task(),2, TimeUnit.SECONDS); scheduledExecutorService.schedule(new Task(),1, TimeUnit.SECONDS); } }
三、DelayQueue(延时队列)
推荐指数:★★★☆ 优点: (1)JDK原生(JUC包下)支持,无需引入新的依赖; (2)可以用一个线程对整个延时队列按序执行; 缺点: (1)基于内存,应用重启(或宕机)会导致任务丢失 (2)基于内存存放队列,不支持集群 (3)依据compareTo方法排列队列,调用take阻塞式的取出第一个任务(不调用则不取出),比较不灵活,会影响时间的准确性
①新建一个延时任务
public class DelayTask implements Delayed { private Integer taskId; private long executeTime; DelayTask(Integer taskId, long executeTime) { this.taskId = taskId; this.executeTime = executeTime; } /** * 该任务的延时时长 * @param unit * @return */ @Override public long getDelay(TimeUnit unit) { return executeTime - System.currentTimeMillis(); } @Override public int compareTo(Delayed o) { DelayTask t = (DelayTask) o; if (this.executeTime - t.executeTime <= 0) { return -1; } else { return 1; } } @Override public String toString() { return "延时任务{" + "任务编号=" + taskId + ", 执行时间=" + new Date(executeTime) + '}'; } /** * 执行具体业务代码 */ public void doTask(){ System.out.println(this+":"); System.out.println("线程ID-"+Thread.currentThread().getId()+":线程名称-"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+":do something!"); } }
②执行延时任务
public class TestDelay { public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException { // 新建3个任务,并依次设置超时时间为 30s 10s 60s DelayTask d1 = new DelayTask(1, System.currentTimeMillis() + 3000L); DelayTask d2 = new DelayTask(2, System.currentTimeMillis() + 1000L); DelayTask d3 = new DelayTask(3, System.currentTimeMillis() + 6000L); DelayQueue<DelayTask> queue = new DelayQueue<>(); queue.add(d1); queue.add(d2); queue.add(d3); System.out.println("开启延时队列时间:" + new Date()+"\n"); // 从延时队列中获取元素 while (!queue.isEmpty()) { queue.take().doTask(); } System.out.println("\n任务结束"); } }
执行结果:
四、Redis-为key指定超时时长,并监听失效key
推荐指数:★★★☆ 优点: 对于有依赖redis的业务且有延时任务的需求,能够快速对接 缺点: (1)客户端断开后重连会导致所有事件丢失 (2)高并发场景下,存在大量的失效key场景会导出失效时间存在延迟 (3)若有多个监听器监听该key,是会重复消费这个过期事件的,需要特定逻辑判断
① 修改Redis配置文件并重启Redis
notify-keyspace-events Ex
注意: redis配置文件不能有空格,否则会启动报错
②Java中关于Redis的配置类
redisTemplate实例bean需要自定义生成; RedisMessageListenerContainer 是redis-key过期监听需要的监听器容器;
@Configuration @Slf4j public class RedisConfiguration { /** * Redis配置 * @param factory * @return */ @Bean(name = "redisTemplate") public RedisTemplate<Object, Object> redisTemplate(RedisConnectionFactory factory) { RedisTemplate<Object, Object> template = new RedisTemplate<>(); RedisSerializer<String> redisSerializer = new StringRedisSerializer(); template.setConnectionFactory(factory); //key序列化方式 template.setKeySerializer(redisSerializer); //value序列化 template.setValueSerializer(redisSerializer); //value hashmap序列化 template.setHashValueSerializer(redisSerializer); //key hashmap序列化 template.setHashKeySerializer(redisSerializer); return template; } /** * 消息监听器容器bean * @param connectionFactory * @return */ @Bean public RedisMessageListenerContainer container(LettuceConnectionFactory connectionFactory) { RedisMessageListenerContainer container = new RedisMessageListenerContainer(); container.setConnectionFactory(connectionFactory); return container; } }
③监听器代码
@Slf4j @Component public class RedisKeyExpirationListener extends KeyExpirationEventMessageListener { private static final String TEST_REDIS_KEY = "testExpired"; public RedisKeyExpirationListener(RedisMessageListenerContainer listenerContainer, RedisTemplate redisTemplate) { super(listenerContainer); /** * 设置一个Redis延迟过期key(key名:testExpired,过期时间:30秒) */ redisTemplate.opsForValue().set(TEST_REDIS_KEY, "1", 20, TimeUnit.SECONDS); log.info("设置redis-key"); } @Override public void onMessage(Message message, byte[] pattern) { try { String expiredKey = message.toString(); if (TEST_REDIS_KEY.equals(expiredKey)) { //业务处理 log.info(expiredKey + "过期,触发回调"); } } catch (Exception e) { log.error("key 过期通知处理异常,{}", e); } } }
测试结果:
五、时间轮
推荐指数:★★★★ 优点: (1)对于大量定时任务,时间轮可以仅用一个工作线程对编排的任务进行顺序运行; (2)自动运行,可以自定义时间轮每轮的tick数,tick间隔,灵活且时间精度可控 缺点: (1)基于内存,应用重启(或宕机)会导致任务丢失 (2)基于内存存放任务,不支持集群
public class WheelTimerTest { public static void main(String[] args) { //设置每个格子是 100ms, 总共 256 个格子 HashedWheelTimer hashedWheelTimer = new HashedWheelTimer(100, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS, 256); //加入三个任务,依次设置超时时间是 10s 5s 20s System.out.println("加入一个任务,ID = 1, time= " + LocalDateTime.now()); hashedWheelTimer.newTimeout(timeout -> { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); System.out.println("执行一个任务,ID = 1, time= " + LocalDateTime.now()); }, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS); System.out.println("加入一个任务,ID = 2, time= " + LocalDateTime.now()); hashedWheelTimer.newTimeout(timeout -> { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); System.out.println("执行一个任务,ID = 2, time= " + LocalDateTime.now()); }, 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS); System.out.println("加入一个任务,ID = 3, time= " + LocalDateTime.now()); hashedWheelTimer.newTimeout(timeout -> { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); System.out.println("执行一个任务,ID = 3, time= " + LocalDateTime.now()); }, 20, TimeUnit.SECONDS); System.out.println("加入一个任务,ID = 4, time= " + LocalDateTime.now()); hashedWheelTimer.newTimeout(timeout -> { System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()); System.out.println("执行一个任务,ID = 4, time= " + LocalDateTime.now()); }, 20, TimeUnit.SECONDS); System.out.println("等待任务执行==========="); } }
六、消息队列-延迟队列
针对任务丢失的代价过大,高并发的场景 推荐指数:★★★★ 优点: 支持集群,分布式,高并发场景; 缺点: 引入额外的消息队列,增加项目的部署和维护的复杂度。
场景:为一个委托指定期限,委托到期后,委托关系终止,相关业务权限移交回原拥有者 这里采用的是RabbitMq的死信队列加TTL消息转化为延迟队列的方式(RabbitMq没有延时队列)
①声明一个队列设定其的死信队列
@Configuration public class MqConfig { public static final String GLOBAL_RABBIT_TEMPLATE = "rabbitTemplateGlobal"; public static final String DLX_EXCHANGE_NAME = "dlxExchange"; public static final String AUTH_EXCHANGE_NAME = "authExchange"; public static final String DLX_QUEUE_NAME = "dlxQueue"; public static final String AUTH_QUEUE_NAME = "authQueue"; public static final String DLX_AUTH_QUEUE_NAME = "dlxAuthQueue"; @Bean @Qualifier(GLOBAL_RABBIT_TEMPLATE) public RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate(ConnectionFactory connectionFactory) { RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate = new RabbitTemplate(connectionFactory); return rabbitTemplate; } @Bean @Qualifier(AUTH_EXCHANGE_NAME) public Exchange authExchange() { return ExchangeBuilder.directExchange (AUTH_EXCHANGE_NAME).durable (true).build (); } /** * 死信交换机 * @return */ @Bean @Qualifier(DLX_EXCHANGE_NAME) public Exchange dlxExchange() { return ExchangeBuilder.directExchange (DLX_EXCHANGE_NAME).durable (true).build (); } /** * 记录日志的死信队列 * @return */ @Bean @Qualifier(DLX_QUEUE_NAME) public Queue dlxQueue() { // Queue(String name, boolean durable, boolean exclusive, boolean autoDelete, Map<String, Object> arguments) return QueueBuilder.durable (DLX_QUEUE_NAME).build (); } /** * 委托授权专用队列 * @return */ @Bean @Qualifier(AUTH_QUEUE_NAME) public Queue authQueue() { return QueueBuilder .durable (AUTH_QUEUE_NAME) .withArgument("x-dead-letter-exchange", DLX_EXCHANGE_NAME) .withArgument("x-dead-letter-routing-key", "dlx_auth") .build (); } /** * 委托授权专用死信队列 * @return */ @Bean @Qualifier(DLX_AUTH_QUEUE_NAME) public Queue dlxAuthQueue() { // Queue(String name, boolean durable, boolean exclusive, boolean autoDelete, Map<String, Object> arguments) return QueueBuilder .durable (DLX_AUTH_QUEUE_NAME) .withArgument("x-dead-letter-exchange", DLX_EXCHANGE_NAME) .withArgument("x-dead-letter-routing-key", "dlx_key") .build (); } @Bean public Binding bindDlxQueueExchange(@Qualifier(DLX_QUEUE_NAME) Queue dlxQueue, @Qualifier(DLX_EXCHANGE_NAME) Exchange dlxExchange){ return BindingBuilder.bind (dlxQueue).to (dlxExchange).with ("dlx_key").noargs (); } /** * 委托授权专用死信队列绑定关系 * @param dlxAuthQueue * @param dlxExchange * @return */ @Bean public Binding bindDlxAuthQueueExchange(@Qualifier(DLX_AUTH_QUEUE_NAME) Queue dlxAuthQueue, @Qualifier(DLX_EXCHANGE_NAME) Exchange dlxExchange){ return BindingBuilder.bind (dlxAuthQueue).to (dlxExchange).with ("dlx_auth").noargs (); } /** * 委托授权专用队列绑定关系 * @param authQueue * @param authExchange * @return */ @Bean public Binding bindAuthQueueExchange(@Qualifier(AUTH_QUEUE_NAME) Queue authQueue, @Qualifier(AUTH_EXCHANGE_NAME) Exchange authExchange){ return BindingBuilder.bind (authQueue).to (authExchange).with ("auth").noargs (); } }
②发送含过期时间的消息
向授权交换机,发送路由为"auth"的消息(指定了业务所需的超时时间) =》发向MqConfig.AUTH_QUEUE_NAME 队列
rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend(MqConfig.AUTH_EXCHANGE_NAME, "auth", "类型:END,信息:{id:1,fromUserId:111,toUserId:222,beginData:20201204,endData:20211104}", message -> { /** * MessagePostProcessor:消息后置处理 * 为消息设置属性,然后返回消息,相当于包装消息的类 */ //业务逻辑:过期时间=xxxx String ttl = "5000"; //设置消息的过期时间 message.getMessageProperties ().setExpiration (ttl); return message; });
③超时后队列MqConfig.AUTH_QUEUE_NAME会将消息转发至其配置的死信路由"dlx_auth",监听该死信队列即可消费定时的消息
/** * 授权定时处理 * @param channel * @param message */ @RabbitListener(queues = MqConfig.DLX_AUTH_QUEUE_NAME) public void dlxAuthQ(Channel channel, Message message) throws IOException { System.out.println ("\n死信原因:" + message.getMessageProperties ().getHeaders ().get ("x-first-death-reason")); //1.判断消息类型:1.BEGIN 2.END try { //2.1 类型为授权到期(END) //2.1.1 修改报件办理人 //2.1.2 修改授权状态为0(失效) //2.2 类型为授权开启(BEGIN) //2.2.1 修改授权状态为1(开启) System.out.println (new String(message.getBody (), Charset.forName ("utf8"))); channel.basicAck (message.getMessageProperties ().getDeliveryTag (), false); System.out.println ("已处理,授权相关信息修改成功"); } catch (Exception e) { //拒签消息 channel.basicNack (message.getMessageProperties ().getDeliveryTag (), false, false); System.out.println ("授权相关信息处理失败, 进入死信队列记录日志"); } }
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