在React项目中使用TypeScript详情
作者:zkat
前言:
本文主要记录我如何在React项目中优雅的使用TypeScript,来提高开发效率及项目的健壮性。
项目目录及ts文件划分
由于我在实际项目中大部分是使用umi
来进行开发项目,所以使用umi
生成的目录来做案例。
. ├── README.md ├── global.d.ts ├── mock ├── package.json ├── src │ ├── assets │ ├── components │ │ └── PublicComA │ │ ├── index.d.ts │ │ ├── index.less │ │ └── index.tsx │ ├── layouts │ ├── models │ ├── pages │ │ ├── PageA │ │ │ ├── index.d.ts │ │ │ ├── index.less │ │ │ └── index.tsx │ │ ├── index.less │ │ └── index.tsx │ └── utils ├── tsconfig.json ├── typings.d.ts └── yarn.lock
在项目根目录下有typings.d.ts和global.d.ts这两个文件, 前者我们可以放置一些全局的导出模块,比如css,less, 图片的导出声明;后者可以放一些全局声明的变量, 接口等, 比如说window下全局变量的声明等。
如下:
// typings.d.ts declare module '*.css'; declare module '*.less'; declare module "*.png"; declare module "*.jpeg"; declare module '*.svg' { export function ReactComponent(props: React.SVGProps<SVGSVGElement>): React.ReactElement const url: string export default url }
// global.d.ts interface Window { helloWorld: () => void; }
接下来介绍一下src目录:
- assets 存放静态资源如图片/视频/音频等, 参与webpack的打包过程
- layouts 存放公共布局
- components 存放全局公共组件
- models dva的models文件夹
- pages 存放页面的目录, 内部可以有页面组件components, 结构类似于全局的components
- utils 存放js工具库, 请求库等公共js文件
在pages和components中有存放当前组件/页面所需要的类型和接口声明的index.d.ts。另外如models中的文件由于是每个model私有类型和接口声明,所以可以直接在文件内部去声明。 具体的目录规划如上,可以根据实际项目来做更合理的划分。
在项目中使用TypeScript具体实践
组件声明
- 函数组件 推荐使用
React.FC<P={}>
来表示函数类型,当使用该类型定义组件时,props中会默认带有children属性。
interface IProps { count: number } const App: React.FC<IProps> = (props) => { const {count} = props; return ( <div className="App"> <span>count: {count}</span> </div> ); }
- 类组件 类组件接受两个参数,第一个是props的定义,第二个是state的定义,如果使用
React.PureComponent<P, S={} SS={}>
定义组件,则还有第三个参数,表示getSnapshotBeforeUpdate
的返回值。
interface IProps { name: string; } interface IState { count: number; } class App extends React.Component<IProps, IState> { state = { count: 0 }; render() { return ( <div> {this.state.count} {this.props.name} </div> ); } }
React Hooks使用
useState
声明定义:
function useState<S>(initialState: S | (() => S)): [S, Dispatch<SetStateAction<S>>]; // convenience overload when first argument is omitted /** * Returns a stateful value, and a function to update it. * * @version 16.8.0 * @see https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-reference.html#usestate */ function useState<S = undefined>(): [S | undefined, Dispatch<SetStateAction<S | undefined>>]; /** * An alternative to `useState`. * * `useReducer` is usually preferable to `useState` when you have complex state logic that involves * multiple sub-values. It also lets you optimize performance for components that trigger deep * updates because you can pass `dispatch` down instead of callbacks. * * @version 16.8.0 * @see https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-reference.html#usereducer */
如果初始值能够体现出类型,那么可以不用手动声明类型,TS会自动推断出类型。如果初始值为null或者undefined则需要通过泛型显示声明类型。
如下:
const [count, setCount] = useState(1); const [user, setUser] = useState<IUser | null>(null);
useRef
声明定义:
function useRef<T>(initialValue: T): MutableRefObject<T>; // convenience overload for refs given as a ref prop as they typically start with a null value /** * `useRef` returns a mutable ref object whose `.current` property is initialized to the passed argument * (`initialValue`). The returned object will persist for the full lifetime of the component. * * Note that `useRef()` is useful for more than the `ref` attribute. It's handy for keeping any mutable * value around similar to how you'd use instance fields in classes. * * Usage note: if you need the result of useRef to be directly mutable, include `| null` in the type * of the generic argument. * * @version 16.8.0 * @see https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-reference.html#useref */
使用该Hook时,要根据使用场景来判断传入泛型类型,如果是获取DOM节点,则传入对应DOM类型即可;如果需要的是一个可变对象,则需要在泛型参数中包含'| null'。
如下:
// 不可变DOM节点,只读 const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null); // 可变,可重新复制 const idRef = useRef<string | null>(null); idRef.current = "abc";
useCallback
声明定义:
function useCallback<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(callback: T, deps: DependencyList): T; /** * `useMemo` will only recompute the memoized value when one of the `deps` has changed. * * Usage note: if calling `useMemo` with a referentially stable function, also give it as the input in * the second argument. * * ```ts * function expensive () { ... } * * function Component () { * const expensiveResult = useMemo(expensive, [expensive]) * return ... * } * ``` * * @version 16.8.0 * @see https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-reference.html#usememo */
useCallback会根据返回值自动推断出类型,如果传入的参数不指定类型,则会默认为any
,所以为了严谨和可维护性,一定要指定入参的类型。也可以手动传入泛型指定函数类型。
如下:
// 会自动推导出类型: (a: number, b: number) => number; const add = useCallback((a: number, b: number) => a + b, [a, b]) // 传入泛型,则指定函数类型 const toggle = useCallback<(a: number) => number>((a: number) => a * 2, [a])
useMemo
声明定义:
function useMemo<T>(factory: () => T, deps: DependencyList | undefined): T; /** * `useDebugValue` can be used to display a label for custom hooks in React DevTools. * * NOTE: We don't recommend adding debug values to every custom hook. * It's most valuable for custom hooks that are part of shared libraries. * * @version 16.8.0 * @see https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-reference.html#usedebugvalue */
useMemo和useCallback类似,只是定义类型为具体返回值的类型,而不是函数的类型。
如下:
// 会自动推导出类型: number; const add = useCallback((a: number, b: number) => a + b, [a, b]) // 传入泛型,则指定函数类型 const toggle = useCallback<number>((a: number) => a * 2, [a])
useContext
声明定义:
function useContext<T>(context: Context<T>/*, (not public API) observedBits?: number|boolean */): T; /** * Returns a stateful value, and a function to update it. * * @version 16.8.0 * @see https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-reference.html#usestate */
useContext会根据传入的上下文对象自动推导出context的类型,当然也可以使用泛型来设置context的类型,
如下:
interface ITheme { color: string; } const ThemeContext = React.createContext<ITheme>({ color: "red" }); // 自动推导出类型为ITheme const theme = useContext(ThemeContext); // 等同于const theme = useContext<ITheme>(ThemeContext);
useReducer
声明定义:
function useReducer<R extends Reducer<any, any>>( reducer: R, initialState: ReducerState<R>, initializer?: undefined ): [ReducerState<R>, Dispatch<ReducerAction<R>>]; /** * `useRef` returns a mutable ref object whose `.current` property is initialized to the passed argument * (`initialValue`). The returned object will persist for the full lifetime of the component. * * Note that `useRef()` is useful for more than the `ref` attribute. It's handy for keeping any mutable * value around similar to how you'd use instance fields in classes. * * @version 16.8.0 * @see https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-reference.html#useref */
上面只列出了一种类型定义,我在项目中也是使用这种定义去指定useReducer
的类型。普通的案例如下:
type StateType = { name: string; age: number; } type Actions = { type: 'Change_Name'; payload: string; } | { type: 'Change_Age'; payload: number; } const initialState = { name: '小明', age: 18 } const reducerAction: Reducer<StateType, Actions> = ( state, action, ) => { switch (action.type) { case 'Change_Name': return { ...state, name: action.payload }; case 'Change_Age': return { ...state, age: action.payload }; default: return state; } }; function Index() { const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducerAction, initialState); return ( <div> <div>姓名:{state.name}</div> <div>年龄:{state.age}</div> </div> ); }
可以看到,这样能够得到正确的类型推断,但是略微繁琐。
案例如下:
// 定义一个生成Action类型的泛型 type ActionMap<M extends Record<string, any>> = { [Key in keyof M]: M[Key] extends undefined ? { type: Key } : { type: Key payload: M[Key] } } type StateType = { name: string; age: number; } // 定义具体的Action类型 type PayloadType = { Change_Name: string; Change_Age: number; } /** ActionMap<PayloadType>会生成类型 { Change_Name: { type: Types.Name; payload: string; }; Change_Age: { type: Types.Age; payload: number; }; } 而keyof ActionMap<PayloadType>则会生成 'Change_Name' | 'Change_Age'的类型。 所以Action最终的类型便为: type Actions = { type: Types.Name; payload: string; } | { type: Types.Age; payload: number; } */ type Actions = ActionMap<PayloadType>[keyof ActionMap<PayloadType>] const initialState = { name: '小明', age: 18 } const reducerAction: Reducer<StateType, Actions> = ( state, action, ) => { switch (action.type) { case Types.Name: return { ...state, name: action.payload }; case Types.Age: return { ...state, age: action.payload }; default: return state; } };
我们定义了一个ActionMap
泛型,该泛型会将传入的类型{key: value}
生成为新的{key: {type: key, payload: value }
类型。然后我们利用keyof
关键字获取到所有的key,就可以得到我们所需要的{type: key1, payload: value1} | {type: key2, payload: value2}
的类型了。只要我们定义好PayloadType
类型,则可以自动推导出我们需要的Actions
类型。
useImperativeHandle
声明定义:
function useImperativeHandle<T, R extends T>(ref: Ref<T>|undefined, init: () => R, deps?: DependencyList): void; // NOTE: this does not accept strings, but this will have to be fixed by removing strings from type Ref<T> /** * `useImperativeHandle` customizes the instance value that is exposed to parent components when using * `ref`. As always, imperative code using refs should be avoided in most cases. * * `useImperativeHandle` should be used with `React.forwardRef`. * * @version 16.8.0 * @see https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-reference.html#useimperativehandle */
useImperativeHandle
可以让自定义组件通过ref
属性,将内部属性暴露给父组件进行访问。因为是函数式组件,所以需要结合forwardRef
一起使用。
案例如下:
interface FancyProps {} interface FancyRef { focus: () => void; } const FancyInput = forwardRef<FancyRef, FancyProps>((props, ref) => { const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null); useImperativeHandle(ref, () => ({ focus: () => { inputRef.current?.focus(); } })); return ( <input ref={inputRef} {...props} /> ); }) const Parent = () => { // 定义子组件ref const inputRef = useRef<FancyRef>(null); return ( <div> <FancyInput ref={inputRef} /> <button onClick={() => { // 调用子组件方法 inputRef.current?.focus(); }} >聚焦</button> </div> ) }
Axios请求/响应定义封装
axios
是很流行的http库,他的ts封装已经很完美了,我们只做简单的二次封装,返回通用的数据响应格式。 首先在utils/request.ts
中创建一个构造axios实例的生成器:
import axios, { AxiosInstance, AxiosRequestConfig, AxiosResponse } from 'axios'; // 拦截器定义 export interface RequestInterceptors { // 请求拦截 requestInterceptors?: (config: AxiosRequestConfig) => AxiosRequestConfig requestInterceptorsCatch?: (err: any) => any // 响应拦截 responseInterceptors?: (config: AxiosResponse) => AxiosResponse responseInterceptorsCatch?: (err: any) => any } // 生成axios实例的参数,实例可以单独传入拦截器 export interface RequestConfig extends AxiosRequestConfig { interceptorsObj?: RequestInterceptors } // loading请求数量 let loadingCount: number = 0; // 打开loading const showLoading = () => { loadingCount ++; if(loadingCount > 0) { // 显示loading // Loading.show() } } // 关闭loading const hideLoading = () => { loadingCount --; if(loadingCount <= 0) { // 隐藏loading // Loading.hide(); } } function RequestBuilder(config: RequestConfig) { const { interceptorsObj, ...res } = config; const instance: AxiosInstance = axios.create(res); // 全局请求拦截器 instance.interceptors.request.use( (request: AxiosRequestConfig) => { // 显示loading showLoading(); console.log('全局请求拦截器'); // TODO:全局的请求头操作等等 return request; }, (err: any) => err, ) /** * 实例请求拦截器 * 要注意 axios请求拦截器为倒序执行,所以要将实例请求拦截器注册在全局请求拦截器后面 */ instance.interceptors.request.use( interceptorsObj?.requestInterceptors, interceptorsObj?.requestInterceptorsCatch, ) /** * 实例响应拦截器 * axios响应拦截器为正序执行,所以要将实例响应拦截器注册在全局响应拦截器前面 */ instance.interceptors.response.use( interceptorsObj?.responseInterceptors, interceptorsObj?.responseInterceptorsCatch, ) // 全局响应拦截器 instance.interceptors.response.use( (response: AxiosResponse) => { console.log('全局响应拦截器'); // 关闭loading hideLoading(); // TODO: 通用的全局响应处理,token过期重定向登录等等 // 返回值为res.data,即后端接口返回的数据,减少解构的层级,以及统一响应数据格式。 return response.data }, (err: any) => { // 关闭loading hideLoading(); // TODO: 错误提示等 return err; }, ) return instance; } export const http = RequestBuilder({baseURL: '/api'});
该生成器可以实现每个实例有单独的拦截器处理逻辑,并且实现全局的loading加载效果,全局拦截器的具体实现可以根据项目实际需求进行填充。生成器已经完成,但是还没法定制我们的通用响应数据,接下来我们在typings.d.ts
中重新定义axios模块:
import * as axios from 'axios'; declare module 'axios' { // 定制业务相关的网络请求响应格式, T 是具体的接口返回类型数据 export interface CustomSuccessData<T> { code: number; msg?: string; message?: string; data: T; [keys: string]: any; } export interface AxiosInstance { // <T = any>(config: AxiosRequestConfig): Promise<CustomSuccessData<T>>; request<T = any, R = CustomSuccessData<T>, D = any>(config: AxiosRequestConfig<D>): Promise<R>; get<T = any, R = CustomSuccessData<T>, D = any>(url: string, config?: AxiosRequestConfig<D>): Promise<R>; delete<T = any, R = CustomSuccessData<T>, D = any>(url: string, config?: AxiosRequestConfig<D>): Promise<R>; head<T = any, R = CustomSuccessData<T>, D = any>(url: string, config?: AxiosRequestConfig<D>): Promise<R>; post<T = any, R = CustomSuccessData<T>, D = any>( url: string, data?: D, config?: AxiosRequestConfig<D>, ): Promise<R>; put<T = any, R = CustomSuccessData<T>, D = any>( url: string, data?: D, config?: AxiosRequestConfig<D>, ): Promise<R>; patch<T = any, R = CustomSuccessData<T>, D = any>( url: string, data?: D, config?: AxiosRequestConfig<D>, ): Promise<R>; } }
完成以上操作后,我们在业务代码中具体使用:
import { http } from '@/utils/request'; interface Req { userId: string; } interface Res { userName: string; userId: string; } // 获取用户信息接口 const getUserInfo = async (params: Req) => { return http.get<Res>('/getUserInfo', {params}) }
这个时候getUserInfo
返回的就是CustomSuccessData<Res>
类型的数据了。至此我们对axios
简单的封装也就完成了。
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