C++超详细梳理lambda和function的使用方法
作者:恋恋风辰
lambda表达式
lambda表达式又称为匿名表达式,是C11提出的新语法。[]存储lambda表达式要捕获的值,()内的参数为形参,可供外部调用传值。lambda表达式可以直接调用
// 1 匿名调用 [](string name) { cout << "this is anonymous" << endl; cout << "hello " << name << endl; }("zack");
上述代码定义了一个匿名函数后直接调用。我们可以通过auto初始化一个变量存储lambda表达式
// 2 通过auto赋值 auto fname = [](string name) { cout << "this is auto " << endl; cout << "hello " << name << endl; }; fname("Rolin");
通过auto定义fname,然后存储了lambda表达式,之后调用fname即可。也可以通过函数指针的方式接受lambda表达式
typedef void (*P_NameFunc)(string name); // 3 函数指针 P_NameFunc fname2 = [](string name) { cout << "this is P_NameFunc " << endl; cout << "hello " << name << endl; }; fname2("Vivo");
P_NameFunc定义了fname2函数指针接受了lambda表达式。也可以通过function对象接受lambda表达式,function类是C11新增的语法。
// 4 function function<void(string)> funcName; funcName = [](string name) { cout << "this is function " << endl; cout << "hello " << name << endl; }; funcName("Uncle Wang");
用一个function对象接受了lambda表达式,同样可以调用该function对象funcName达到调用lambda的效果。
谈谈lambda的捕获
1 值捕获
int age = 33; string name = "zack"; int score = 100; string job = "softengineer"; //值捕获 [age, name](string name_) { cout << "age is " << age << " name is " << name << " self-name is " << name_ << endl; }("Novia");
上述lambda表达式捕获了age和name,是以值的方式来捕获的。所以无法在lambda表达式内部修改age和name的值,如果修改age和name,编译器会报错,提示无法修改const常量,因为age和name是以值的方式被捕获的。
2 引用捕获
int age = 33; string name = "zack"; int score = 100; string job = "softengineer"; [&age, &name](string name_) { cout << "age is " << age << " name is " << name << " self-name is " << name_ << endl; name = "Xiao Li"; age = 18; }("Novia");
[]里age和name前边添加了&,此时age和name是以引用方式捕获的。所以可以在lambda表达式中修改age和name的值。
C++的lambda表达式虽然可以捕获局部变量的引用,达到类似闭包的效果,但不是真的闭包,golang和python等语言通过闭包捕获局部变量后可以增加局部变量的声明周期,C++无法做到这一点,所以下面的调用会出现崩溃。
vector<function<void(string)>> vec_Funcs; void use_lambda2() { int age = 33; string name = "zack"; int score = 100; string job = "softengineer"; vec_Funcs.push_back([age, name](string name_) { cout << "this is value catch " << endl; cout << "age is " << age << " name is " << name << " self-name is " << name_ << endl; }); //危险,不要捕获局部变量的引用 vec_Funcs.push_back([&age, &name](string name_) { cout << "this is referenc catch" << endl; cout << "age is " << age << " name is " << name << " self-name is " << name_ << endl; }); } void use_lambda3() { for (auto f : vec_Funcs) { f("zack"); } } int main(){ use_lambda2(); use_lambda3(); }
use_lambda2中将lambda表达式存储在function类型的vector里,当use_lambda2结束后,里边的局部变量都被释放了,而vector中的lambda表达式还存储着局部变量的引用,在调用use_lambda3时调用lambda表达式,此时访问局部变量已经被释放了,所以导致程序崩溃。
3 全部用值捕获,name用引用捕获
int age = 33; string name = "zack"; int score = 100; string job = "softengineer"; [=, &name]() { cout << "age is " << age << " name is " << name << " score is " << score << " job is " << job << endl; name = "Cui Hua"; }();
通过=表示所有变量都以值的方式捕获,如果希望某个变量以引用方式捕获则单独在这个变量前加&。
4 全部用引用捕获,只有name用值捕获
int age = 33; string name = "zack"; int score = 100; string job = "softengineer"; [&, name]() { cout << "age is " << age << " name is " << name << " score is " << score << " job is " << job << endl; }();
通过&方式表示所有变量都已引用方式捕获,如果希望某个变量以值方式捕获则单独在这个变量前加=。
万能的function
我们可以用function存储形参和返回值相同的一类函数指针,可调用对象,lambda表达式等。
void use_function() { list<function<void(string)>> list_Funcs; //存储函数对象 list_Funcs.push_back(FuncObj()); //存储lambda表达式 list_Funcs.push_back([](string str) { cout << "this is lambda call " << str << endl; }); //存储全局函数 list_Funcs.push_back(globalFun); for (const auto &f : list_Funcs) { f("hello zack"); } }
bind操作
C11同样提供了bind操作,将原函数的几个参数通过bind绑定传值,返回一个新的可调用对象。
//绑定全局函数 auto newfun1 = bind(globalFun2, placeholders::_1, placeholders::_2, 98, "worker"); //相当于调用globalFun2("Lily",22, 98,"worker"); newfun1("Lily", 22); //多传参数没有用,相当于调用globalFun2("Lucy",28, 98,"worker"); newfun1("Lucy", 28, 100, "doctor"); auto newfun2 = bind(globalFun2, "zack", placeholders::_1, 100, placeholders::_2); //相当于调用globalFun2("zack",33,100,"engineer"); newfun2(33, "engineer"); auto newfun3 = bind(globalFun2, "zack", placeholders::_2, 100, placeholders::_1); newfun3("coder", 33);
placeholders表示占位符,_1表示新生成函数的第一个参数, _2表示新生成函数的第二个参数,将这些参数传递给原函数达到占位的效果,原函数的其余参数通过bind绑定固定值。
接下来定义类
class BindTestClass { public: BindTestClass(int num_, string name_) : num(num_), name(name_) {} static void StaticFun(const string &str, int age); void MemberFun(const string &job, int score); public: int num; string name; };
实现静态函数和成员函数
void BindTestClass::StaticFun(const string &str, int age) { cout << "this is static function" << endl; cout << "name is " << str << endl; cout << "age is " << age << endl; } void BindTestClass::MemberFun(const string &job, int score) { cout << "this is member function" << endl; cout << "name is " << name << endl; cout << "age is " << num << endl; cout << "job is " << job << endl; cout << "score is " << score << endl; }
我们通过bind绑定静态成员函数
//绑定类的静态成员函数,加不加&都可以 // auto staticbind = bind(BindTestClass::StaticFun, placeholders::_1, 33); auto staticbind = bind(&BindTestClass::StaticFun, placeholders::_1, 33); staticbind("zack");
新生成的staticbind函数可以直接传递一个参数zack就完成了调用。接下来用bind绑定成员函数
BindTestClass bindTestClass(33, "zack"); // 绑定类的成员函数,一定要传递对象给bind的第二个参数,可以是类对象,也可以是类对象的指针 // 如果要修改类成员,必须传递类对象的指针 auto memberbind = bind(BindTestClass::MemberFun, &bindTestClass, placeholders::_1, placeholders::_2); memberbind("coder", 100); auto memberbind2 = bind(BindTestClass::MemberFun, placeholders::_3, placeholders::_1, placeholders::_2); memberbind2("coder", 100, &bindTestClass); //绑定类成员时,对象必须取地址 auto numbind = bind(&BindTestClass::num, placeholders::_1); std::cout << numbind(bindTestClass) << endl;
当然也可以直接用function对象接受bind返回的结果
// function接受bind返回的函数 function<void(int, string)> funcbind = bind(globalFun2, "zack", placeholders::_1, 100, placeholders::_2); funcbind(33, "engineer"); // function接受bind 成员函数 function<void(string, int)> funcbind2 = bind(BindTestClass::MemberFun, &bindTestClass, placeholders::_1, placeholders::_2); funcbind2("docker", 100); function<void(string, int, BindTestClass *)> funcbind3 = bind(BindTestClass::MemberFun, placeholders::_3, placeholders::_1, placeholders::_2); funcbind3("driver", 100, &bindTestClass); // function 直接接受成员函数,function的模板列表里第一个参数是类对象引用 function<void(BindTestClass &, const string &, int)> functomem = BindTestClass::MemberFun; functomem(bindTestClass, "functomem", 88); // function 绑定类的静态成员函数 function<void(const string &)> funbindstatic = bind(&BindTestClass::StaticFun, placeholders::_1, 33); funbindstatic("Rolis");
lambda和bind的使用就介绍到这里
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