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如何利用Python+Vue实现简单的前后端分离

作者:杼蛘

因为python开发的高效性,python web开发也受到越来越多人的关注,下面这篇文章主要给大家介绍了关于如何利用Python+Vue实现简单的前后端分离的相关资料,文中通过实例代码介绍的非常详细,需要的朋友可以参考下

准备工作

注意:项目整个过程需要从后往前,即先数据库->后端->前端;启动流程也是先启动后端项目,再启动前端项目

前端

开发工具:Visual Studio Code(推荐)、WebStorm

打开cmd,安装Vue脚手架,命令如下:

npm install -g @vue/cli

创建Vue2项目,名为vue-axios

vue create vue-axios

选择Manually select features进行创建,回车

目前只勾选Router,回车

选择2.x,回车

选择如下,回车,等待下载依赖

下载完成后,进入到项目内

cd vue-axios

安装axios库

npm install axios --save

安装Element UI库

npm i element-ui -S

在src下新建utils文件夹,将request.js放于src/utils/下,request.js是axios的二次封装,如下:

import axios from 'axios'

const request = axios.create({
    baseURL: 'http://127.0.0.1:666',  // 注意!! 这里是全局统一加上了 后端接口前缀 前缀,后端必须进行跨域配置!
    timeout: 5000
})

// request 拦截器
// 可以自请求发送前对请求做一些处理
// 比如统一加token,对请求参数统一加密
request.interceptors.request.use(config => {
    config.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json;charset=utf-8';

    // config.headers['token'] = user.token;  // 设置请求头

    return config
}, error => {
    return Promise.reject(error)
});

// response 拦截器
// 可以在接口响应后统一处理结果
request.interceptors.response.use(
    response => {
        let res = response.data;
        // 如果是返回的文件
        if (response.config.responseType === 'blob') {
            return res
        }
        // 兼容服务端返回的字符串数据
        if (typeof res === 'string') {
            res = res ? JSON.parse(res) : res
        }
        return res;
    },
    error => {
        console.log('err' + error) // for debug
        return Promise.reject(error)
    }
)

export default request

修改main.js,进行注册

import Vue from 'vue'
import App from './App.vue'
import router from './router'
import request from "@/utils/request"
import ElementUI from 'element-ui';
import 'element-ui/lib/theme-chalk/index.css';

// 关闭生产模式下的提示
Vue.config.productionTip = false

// 设置axios为Vue的原型属性
Vue.prototype.$axios = request

Vue.use(ElementUI);

new Vue({
  router,
  render: function (h) { return h(App) }
}).$mount('#app')

删除多余的组件,如在src/views和src/components下的vue组件;在src/views新建Home.vue组件:

<template>
  <div class="home">
    <h1>前后端分离小demo</h1>

    <!-- 表格区域 -->
    <el-table
      :data="table"
      stripe
      :cell-style="{ textAlign: 'center' }"
      :header-cell-style="{ textAlign: 'center' }"
    >
      <el-table-column prop="id" label="ID" width="100" sortable />
      <el-table-column prop="name" label="姓名" />
      <el-table-column prop="age" label="年龄" />
      <el-table-column prop="sex" label="性别" />

      <el-table-column label="操作" width="210">
        <template slot="header">
          <span class="op">操作</span>
          <el-button size="mini" class="add" @click="add" icon="el-icon-plus"
            >添加一条记录</el-button
          >
        </template>
        <template slot-scope="scope">
          <el-button
            type="info"
            size="mini"
            @click="handEdit(scope.$index, scope.row)"
            icon="el-icon-edit"
            round
            >编辑</el-button
          >
          <el-popconfirm
            title="确认删除吗?"
            @confirm="handDelete(scope.$index, scope.row)"
          >
            <el-button
              type="danger"
              size="mini"
              icon="el-icon-delete"
              round
              slot="reference"
              >删除</el-button
            >
          </el-popconfirm>
        </template>
      </el-table-column>
    </el-table>

    <!-- 弹出窗 -->
    <el-dialog
      :title="title"
      :visible="dialogVisible"
      width="30%"
      :before-close="handleClose"
    >
      <el-form
        :model="form"
        status-icon
        :rules="rules"
        ref="form"
        label-width="60px"
      >
        <el-form-item label="姓名" prop="name">
          <el-input v-model="form.name" autocomplete="off" />
        </el-form-item>
        <el-form-item label="年龄" prop="age">
          <el-input
            type="number"
            min="1"
            max="99"
            v-model="form.age"
            autocomplete="off"
          />
        </el-form-item>
        <el-form-item label="性别" prop="sex">
          <el-radio-group v-model="form.sex">
            <el-radio label="男"></el-radio>
            <el-radio label="女"></el-radio>
            <el-radio label="未知"></el-radio>
          </el-radio-group>
        </el-form-item>
      </el-form>
      <span slot="footer" class="dialog-footer">
        <el-button @click="reset">重置</el-button>
        <el-button type="primary" @click="save">确 定</el-button>
      </span>
    </el-dialog>
  </div>
</template>

<script>

export default {
  name: 'Home',
  data() {
    // 自定义验证规则
    var validateAge = (rule, value, callback) => {
      if (value === '' || value === undefined) {
        callback(new Error('请输入年龄'))
      } else if (isNaN(value)) {
        callback(new Error('请输入数字'))
      } else if (value < 1 || value > 100) {
        callback(new Error('年龄必须在1~100之间'))
      } else {
        callback()
      }
    }
    return {
      table: [],
      dialogVisible: false,
      title: '',
      form: {},
      rules: {
        name: [{ required: true, message: '请输入姓名', trigger: 'blur' }],
        age: [{ required: true, validator: validateAge, trigger: 'blur' }],
        sex: [{ required: true, message: '请选择性别', trigger: 'blur' }],
      }
    }
  },
  created() {
    this.init()
  },
  methods: {
    init() {
      this.$axios.get('/all').then(res => {
        console.log(res);
        this.table = res.data
      })
    },
    add() {
      this.dialogVisible = true
      this.title = '添加记录'
      this.form = {}
    },
    handEdit(index, row) {
      this.dialogVisible = true
      this.title = '编辑记录'
      this.form = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(row))
    },
    handDelete(index, row) {
      let id = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(row)).id
      this.$axios.delete(`/delete?id=${id}`).then(res => {
        if (res.code == 200) {
          this.$notify.success({
            title: '成功',
            message: res.msg,
            duration: 2000
          })
          this.init()
        } else {
          this.$notify.success({
            title: '失败',
            message: res.msg,
            duration: 2000
          })
        }
      })
    },
    handleClose() {
      this.dialogVisible = false
      this.init()
    },
    reset() {
      let id = undefined
      if ('id' in this.form) {
        id = this.form.id
      }
      this.form = {}
      if (id != undefined) this.form.id = id
    },
    save() {
      this.$refs['form'].validate(valid => {    // 判断是否通过验证
        if (valid) {
          console.log(this.form);
          if ('id' in this.form) {
            // console.log('修改');

            this.$axios.put('/update', this.form).then(res => {
              if (res.code == 200) {
                let _this = this
                this.$notify.success({
                  title: '成功',
                  message: res.msg,
                  duration: 2000,
                  onClose: function () { _this.handleClose() }
                });
              } else {
                this.$notify.error({
                  title: '错误',
                  message: res.msg,
                  duration: 2000
                });
              }
            })

          } else {
            // console.log('添加');

            this.$axios.post('/add', this.form).then(res => {
              if (res.code == 200) {
                let _this = this
                this.$notify.success({
                  title: '成功',
                  message: res.msg,
                  duration: 2000,
                  onClose: function () { _this.handleClose() }
                });
              } else {
                this.$notify.error({
                  title: '错误',
                  message: res.msg,
                  duration: 2000
                });
              }
            })
          }
        }
      })
    }
  }
}
</script>

<style>
h1 {
  text-align: center;
  margin: 50px 0;
}
.el-table {
  width: 60% !important;
  margin: 0 auto;
}
.el-button {
  margin: 0 5px;
}
span.op {
  display: inline-block;
  margin-left: 6px;
}
.el-dialog__body {
  padding-bottom: 0;
}
</style>

修改App.vue,如下:

<template>
  <div id="app">
    <router-view />
  </div>
</template>

<style>
/* 引入外部css */
@import "./assets/css/reset.css";
</style>

其中reset.css如下:

* {
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

修改src/router/index.js如下:

import Vue from 'vue'
import VueRouter from 'vue-router'

Vue.use(VueRouter)

const routes = [
  {
    path: '/',
    name: 'home',
    component: () => import('@/views/Home.vue')
  },
]

const router = new VueRouter({
  mode: 'history',
  base: process.env.BASE_URL,
  routes
})

export default router

打开终端或cmd,输入如下命令启动项目

npm run serve

在浏览器输入http://localhost:8080/即可打开首页,默认查询全部数据,如下:

添加页面:

编辑页面:

删除页面:

基本的增删改查均已实现,全部采用接口请求的方式进行实现,在开发者工具的网络工具栏下,可以看到前端发送的请求,如下:

以及后端响应数据的预览结果:

后端

开发环境:PyCharm(推荐)、Visual Studio Code

打开cmd,安装flask库,命令如下:

pip install flask

安装flask_cors库,命令如下:

pip install flask_cors

安装pymysql库,命令如下:

pip install pymysql

创建Python项目,名为python-flask

新建json_response.py,统一json返回格式

# 统一的json返回格式

class JsonResponse(object):

    def __init__(self, code, msg, data):
        self.code = code
        self.msg = msg
        self.data = data

    # 指定一个类的方法为类方法,通常用self来传递当前类的实例--对象,cls传递当前类。
    @classmethod
    def success(cls, code=200, msg='success', data=None):
        return cls(code, msg, data)

    @classmethod
    def fail(cls, code=400, msg='fail', data=None):
        return cls(code, msg, data)

    def to_dict(self):
        return {
            "code": self.code,
            "msg": self.msg,
            "data": self.data
        }

新建json_flask.py,使flask支持返回JsonResponse对象

from flask import Flask, jsonify

from json_response import JsonResponse

class JsonFlask(Flask):
    def make_response(self, rv):
        # 视图函数可以直接返回: list、dict、None
        if rv is None or isinstance(rv, (list, dict)):
            rv = JsonResponse.success(rv)

        if isinstance(rv, JsonResponse):
            rv = jsonify(rv.to_dict())

        return super().make_response(rv)

新建config.py,数据库操作

# 数据库操作类

import pymysql

DB_CONFIG = {
	"host": "127.0.0.1",
	"port": 3306,
	"user": "root",
	"passwd": "123456",
	"db": "test",
	"charset": "utf8"
}

class SQLManager(object):

	# 初始化实例方法
	def __init__(self):
		self.conn = None
		self.cursor = None
		self.connect()

	# 连接数据库
	def connect(self):
		self.conn = pymysql.connect(
			host=DB_CONFIG["host"],
			port=DB_CONFIG["port"],
			user=DB_CONFIG["user"],
			passwd=DB_CONFIG["passwd"],
			db=DB_CONFIG["db"],
			charset=DB_CONFIG["charset"]
		)
		self.cursor = self.conn.cursor(cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor)

	# 查询多条数据
	def get_list(self, sql, args=None):
		self.cursor.execute(sql, args)
		return self.cursor.fetchall()

	# 查询单条数据
	def get_one(self, sql, args=None):
		self.cursor.execute(sql, args)
		return self.cursor.fetchone()

	# 执行单条SQL语句
	def modify(self, sql, args=None):
		row = self.cursor.execute(sql, args)
		self.conn.commit()
		return row > 0

	# 执行多条SQL语句
	def multi_modify(self, sql, args=None):
		rows = self.cursor.executemany(sql, args)
		self.conn.commit()
		return rows > 0

	# 关闭数据库cursor和连接
	def close(self):
		self.cursor.close()
		self.conn.close()

新建app.py,主程序

from flask import request
from flask_cors import *

from json_flask import JsonFlask
from json_response import JsonResponse
from config import *

import json

# 创建视图应用
app = JsonFlask(__name__)

# 解决跨域
CORS(app, supports_credentials=True)

db = SQLManager()

# 编写视图函数,绑定路由
@app.route("/all", methods=["GET"])  # 查询(全部)
def all():
    result = db.get_list(sql='select * from user')
    return JsonResponse.success(msg='查询成功', data=result)

@app.route("/add", methods=["POST"])  # 添加(单个)
def add():
    data = json.loads(request.data)  # 将json字符串转为dict
    isOk = db.modify(sql='insert into user(name,age,sex) values(%s,%s,%s)',
                      args=[data['name'], data['age'], data['sex']])
    return JsonResponse.success(msg='添加成功') if isOk else JsonResponse.fail(msg='添加失败')

@app.route("/update", methods=["PUT"])  # 修改(单个)
def update():
    data = json.loads(request.data)  # 将json字符串转为dict
    if 'id' not in data:
        return JsonResponse.fail(msg='需要传入id')
    isOk = db.modify(sql='update user set name=%s,age=%s,sex=%s where id=%s',
                      args=[data['name'], data['age'], data['sex'], data['id']])
    return JsonResponse.success(msg='修改成功') if isOk else JsonResponse.fail(msg='修改失败')

@app.route("/delete", methods=["DELETE"])  # 删除(单个)
def delete():
    if 'id' not in request.args:
        return JsonResponse.fail(msg='需要传入id')
    isOk = db.modify(sql='delete from user where id=%s', args=[request.args['id']])
    return JsonResponse.success(msg='删除成功') if isOk else JsonResponse.fail(msg='删除失败')

# 运行flask:默认是5000端口,此处设置端口为666
if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(host="0.0.0.0", port=666, debug=True)

启动项目。

数据库

采用MySQL,由于是小demo,此处设计较简单,数据库名为test,表名为user,表结构和数据SQL语句如下:

SET NAMES utf8mb4;
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;

-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for user
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `user`;
CREATE TABLE `user`  (
  `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `name` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET gbk COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci NOT NULL,
  `age` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `sex` varchar(255) CHARACTER SET gbk COLLATE gbk_chinese_ci NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE = InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT = 11 CHARACTER SET = gbk COLLATE = gbk_chinese_ci ROW_FORMAT = Compact;

-- ----------------------------
-- Records of user
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (1, 'tom', 20, '男');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (2, 'mary', 20, '女');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (3, 'jack', 21, '男');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (5, 'test', 20, '未知');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (8, 'tom', 20, '男');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (9, 'add', 20, '未知');
INSERT INTO `user` VALUES (10, 'Saly', 11, '女');

SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 1;

总结

到此这篇关于如何利用Python+Vue实现简单的前后端分离的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关Python+Vue实现前后端分离内容请搜索脚本之家以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持脚本之家!

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