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Java 实现RSA非对称加密算法

作者:没有星星的夏季

RSA解决了对称加密的一个不足,比如AES算法加密和解密时使用的是同一个秘钥,因此这个秘钥不能公开,因此对于需要公开秘钥的场合,我们需要在加密和解密过程中使用不同的秘钥,加密使用的公钥可以公开,解密使用的私钥要保密,这就是非对称加密的好处。 

  公钥与私钥

  公钥与私钥是成对的,一般的,我们认为的是公钥加密、私钥解密、私钥签名、公钥验证,有人说成私钥加密,公钥解密时不对的。

  公钥与私钥的生成有多种方式,可以通过程序生成(下文具体实现),可以通过openssl工具:  

    # 生成一个私钥,推荐使用1024位的秘钥,秘钥以pem格式保存到-out参数指定的文件中,采用PKCS1格式
    openssl genrsa -out rsa.pem 1024 
    # 生成与私钥对应的公钥,生成的是Subject Public Key,一般配合PKCS8格式私钥使用
    openssl rsa -in rsa.pem -pubout -out rsa.pub  

  RSA生成公钥与私钥一般有两种格式:PKCS1和PKCS8,上面的命令生成的秘钥是PKCS1格式的,而公钥是Subject Public Key,一般配合PKCS8格式私钥使用,所以就可能会涉及到PKCS1和PKCS8之间的转换:

    # PKCS1格式私钥转换为PKCS8格式私钥,私钥直接输出到-out参数指定的文件中
    openssl pkcs8 -topk8 -inform PEM -in rsa.pem -outform pem -nocrypt -out rsa_pkcs8.pem
    # PKCS8格式私钥转换为PKCS1格式私钥,私钥直接输出到-out参数指定的文件中
    openssl rsa -in rsa_pkcs8.pem -out rsa_pkcs1.pem

    # PKCS1格式公钥转换为PKCS8格式公钥,转换后的内容直接输出
    openssl rsa -pubin -in rsa.pub -RSAPublicKey_out
    # PKCS8格式公钥转换为PKCS1格式公钥,转换后的内容直接输出
    openssl rsa -RSAPublicKey_in -pubout -in rsa.pub

  现实中,我们往往从pem、crt、pfx文件获取公私和私钥,crt、pfx的制作可以参考:简单的制作ssl证书,并在nginx和IIS中使用,或者使用现成的:https://pan.baidu.com/s/1MJ5YmuZiLBnf-DfNR_6D7A (提取码:c6tj),密码都是:123456

  Java实现

  为简化说明介绍,这里我直接封装了一个工具类,因为要从pem、crt、pfx文件获取公私和私钥,因此引用了一个第三方包:BouncyCastle,可以直接在pom.xml中添加依赖:  

    <dependency>
        <groupId>org.bouncycastle</groupId>
        <artifactId>bcprov-jdk15on</artifactId>
        <version>1.68</version>
    </dependency>

  或者去mvn上下载:跳转

  简单封装的RsaUtil.java:  

import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.security.KeyFactory;
import java.security.KeyPair;
import java.security.KeyPairGenerator;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.PrivateKey;
import java.security.PublicKey;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import java.security.Security;
import java.security.Signature;
import java.security.cert.Certificate;
import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;
import java.security.spec.KeySpec;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.RSAPrivateCrtKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.RSAPublicKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.Enumeration;

import javax.crypto.Cipher;

import org.bouncycastle.asn1.ASN1Integer;
import org.bouncycastle.asn1.ASN1Primitive;
import org.bouncycastle.asn1.DLSequence;
import org.bouncycastle.asn1.pkcs.PKCSObjectIdentifiers;
import org.bouncycastle.asn1.pkcs.PrivateKeyInfo;
import org.bouncycastle.asn1.x509.AlgorithmIdentifier;
import org.bouncycastle.asn1.x509.SubjectPublicKeyInfo;
import org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider;
import org.bouncycastle.util.io.pem.PemObject;
import org.bouncycastle.util.io.pem.PemReader;
import org.bouncycastle.util.io.pem.PemWriter;

public class RsaUtil {

    static {
        Security.addProvider(new BouncyCastleProvider());
    }

    /**
     * 随机生成密钥对
     * 
     * @param usePKCS8
     *            是否采用PKCS8填充模式
     */
    public static Object[] generateRsaKey(boolean usePKCS8) throws Exception {
        KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance("RSA", BouncyCastleProvider.PROVIDER_NAME);
        // 初始化
        keyPairGen.initialize(1024, new SecureRandom());
        // 生成一个密钥对,保存在keyPair中
        KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();
        RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate(); // 得到私钥
        RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic(); // 得到公钥

        // 这两个公私钥是PKCS8格式的
        byte[] publicKeyBytes = publicKey.getEncoded();
        byte[] privateKeyBytes = privateKey.getEncoded();

        if (!usePKCS8) {
            // 将PSCK8格式公私钥转换为PKCS1格式
            publicKeyBytes = pkcs8ToPkcs1(false, publicKeyBytes);
            privateKeyBytes = pkcs8ToPkcs1(true, privateKeyBytes);
        }

        return new Object[] { publicKeyBytes, privateKeyBytes };
    }

    /**
     * 从Pem文件读取密钥对
     * 
     * @param reader
     *            输入流
     * @param pemFileName
     *            pem文件
     */
    public static byte[] readFromPem(String pemFileName) throws Exception {
        PemReader pemReader = new PemReader(new FileReader(pemFileName));
        PemObject pemObject = pemReader.readPemObject();
        byte[] publicKey = pemObject.getContent();
        pemReader.close();
        return publicKey;
    }

    /**
     * 从Pem文件读取密钥
     * 
     * @param isPrivateKey
     *            是否是私钥
     * @param buffer
     *            字节
     * @param pemFileName
     *            pem文件
     */
    public static void writeToPem(byte[] buffer, boolean isPrivateKey, String pemFileName) throws Exception {

        PemObject pemObject = new PemObject(isPrivateKey ? "RSA PRIVATE KEY" : "RSA PUBLIC KEY", buffer);
        FileWriter fileWriter = new FileWriter(pemFileName);
        PemWriter pemWriter = new PemWriter(fileWriter);
        pemWriter.writeObject(pemObject);
        pemWriter.close();
    }

    /**
     * 从crt文件读取公钥(pkcs8)
     * 
     * @param crtFileName
     *            crt文件
     * @return 公钥
     */
    public static byte[] readPublicKeyFromCrt(String crtFileName) throws Exception {
        CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
        X509Certificate cert = (X509Certificate) cf.generateCertificate(new FileInputStream(crtFileName));

        PublicKey publicKey = cert.getPublicKey();
        return publicKey.getEncoded();
    }

    /**
     * 从pfx文件读取秘钥对(pkcs8)
     * 
     * @param pfxFileName
     *            pfx文件
     * @return 秘钥对
     */
    public static Object[] readFromPfx(String pfxFileName, String password) throws Exception {
        KeyStore keystore = KeyStore.getInstance("PKCS12");
        char[] passwordChars = null;
        if (password == null || password.equals("")) {
            passwordChars = null;
        } else {
            passwordChars = password.toCharArray();
        }
        keystore.load(new FileInputStream(pfxFileName), passwordChars);
        Enumeration<String> enums = keystore.aliases();

        PrivateKey privateKey = null;
        Certificate certificate = null;
        while (enums.hasMoreElements()) {
            String alias = enums.nextElement();
            System.out.println(alias);
            if (keystore.isKeyEntry(alias)) {
                privateKey = (PrivateKey) keystore.getKey(alias, passwordChars);
                certificate = keystore.getCertificate(alias);
            }
            if (privateKey != null && certificate != null)
                break;
        }
        if (privateKey == null || certificate == null) {
            throw new Exception("fail to read key from pfx");
        }

        PublicKey publicKey = certificate.getPublicKey();
        return new Object[] { publicKey.getEncoded(), privateKey.getEncoded() };
    }

    /**
     * Pkcs8转Pkcs1
     * 
     * @param isPrivateKey
     *            是否是私钥转换
     * @param buffer
     *            Pkcs1秘钥
     * @return Pkcs8秘钥
     * @throws Exception
     *             加密过程中的异常信息
     */
    public static byte[] pkcs8ToPkcs1(boolean isPrivateKey, byte[] buffer) throws Exception {
        if (isPrivateKey) {
            PrivateKeyInfo privateKeyInfo = PrivateKeyInfo.getInstance(buffer);
            return privateKeyInfo.parsePrivateKey().toASN1Primitive().getEncoded();
        } else {
            SubjectPublicKeyInfo subjectPublicKeyInfo = SubjectPublicKeyInfo.getInstance(buffer);
            return subjectPublicKeyInfo.parsePublicKey().toASN1Primitive().getEncoded();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Pkcs1转Pkcs8
     * 
     * @param isPrivateKey
     *            是否是私钥转换
     * @param buffer
     *            Pkcs1秘钥
     * @return Pkcs8秘钥
     * @throws Exception
     *             加密过程中的异常信息
     */
    public static byte[] pkcs1ToPkcs8(boolean isPrivateKey, byte[] buffer) throws Exception {
        AlgorithmIdentifier algorithmIdentifier = new AlgorithmIdentifier(PKCSObjectIdentifiers.rsaEncryption);
        ASN1Primitive asn1Primitive = ASN1Primitive.fromByteArray(buffer);
        if (isPrivateKey) {
            PrivateKeyInfo privateKeyInfo = new PrivateKeyInfo(algorithmIdentifier, asn1Primitive);
            return privateKeyInfo.getEncoded();
        } else {
            SubjectPublicKeyInfo subjectPublicKeyInfo = new SubjectPublicKeyInfo(algorithmIdentifier, asn1Primitive);
            return subjectPublicKeyInfo.getEncoded();
        }
    }

    /**
     * RSA公钥
     * 
     * @param usePKCS8
     *            是否采用PKCS8填充模式
     * @param publicKey
     *            公钥
     * @return 公钥
     * @throws Exception
     *             加密过程中的异常信息
     */
    public static RSAPublicKey generatePublicKey(boolean usePKCS8, byte[] publicKey) throws Exception {
        KeySpec keySpec;
        if (usePKCS8) {
            // PKCS8填充
            keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(publicKey);
        } else {
            // PKCS1填充
            DLSequence sequence = (DLSequence) ASN1Primitive.fromByteArray(publicKey);
            BigInteger v1 = ((ASN1Integer) sequence.getObjectAt(0)).getValue();
            BigInteger v2 = ((ASN1Integer) sequence.getObjectAt(1)).getValue();
            keySpec = new RSAPublicKeySpec(v1, v2);
        }

        RSAPublicKey pubKey = (RSAPublicKey) KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA", BouncyCastleProvider.PROVIDER_NAME).generatePublic(keySpec);
        return pubKey;
    }

    /**
     * RSA私钥
     * 
     * @param usePKCS8
     *            是否采用PKCS8填充模式
     * @param privateKey
     *            私钥
     * @return 私钥
     * @throws Exception
     *             解密过程中的异常信息
     */
    public static RSAPrivateKey generatePrivateKey(boolean usePKCS8, byte[] privateKey) throws Exception {
        KeySpec keySpec;
        if (usePKCS8) {
            // PKCS8填充
            keySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(privateKey);
        } else {
            // PKCS1填充
            DLSequence sequence = (DLSequence) ASN1Primitive.fromByteArray(privateKey);
            // BigInteger v1= ((ASN1Integer)sequence.getObjectAt(0)).getValue();
            BigInteger v2 = ((ASN1Integer) sequence.getObjectAt(1)).getValue();
            BigInteger v3 = ((ASN1Integer) sequence.getObjectAt(2)).getValue();
            BigInteger v4 = ((ASN1Integer) sequence.getObjectAt(3)).getValue();
            BigInteger v5 = ((ASN1Integer) sequence.getObjectAt(4)).getValue();
            BigInteger v6 = ((ASN1Integer) sequence.getObjectAt(5)).getValue();
            BigInteger v7 = ((ASN1Integer) sequence.getObjectAt(6)).getValue();
            BigInteger v8 = ((ASN1Integer) sequence.getObjectAt(7)).getValue();
            BigInteger v9 = ((ASN1Integer) sequence.getObjectAt(8)).getValue();
            keySpec = new RSAPrivateCrtKeySpec(v2, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7, v8, v9);
        }

        RSAPrivateKey priKey = (RSAPrivateKey) KeyFactory.getInstance("RSA", BouncyCastleProvider.PROVIDER_NAME).generatePrivate(keySpec);
        return priKey;
    }

    /**
     * RSA公钥加密
     * 
     * @param value
     *            加密字符串
     * @param publicKey
     *            公钥
     * @return 密文
     * @throws Exception
     *             加密过程中的异常信息
     */
    public static String rsaEncrypt(String value, RSAPublicKey publicKey) throws Exception {
        if (value == null || value.length() == 0)
            return "";

        // RSA加密
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA");
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicKey);
        byte[] buffer = cipher.doFinal(value.getBytes("utf-8"));

        // 使用hex格式输出公钥
        StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
        for (int i = 0; i < buffer.length; i++) {
            result.append(String.format("%02x", buffer[i]));
        }
        return result.toString();
    }

    /**
     * RSA私钥解密
     * 
     * @param value
     *            加密字符串
     * @param privateKey
     *            私钥
     * @return 明文
     * @throws Exception
     *             解密过程中的异常信息
     */
    public static String rsaDecrypt(String value, RSAPrivateKey privateKey) throws Exception {
        if (value == null || value.length() == 0)
            return "";

        byte[] buffer = new byte[value.length() / 2];
        for (int i = 0; i < buffer.length; i++) {
            buffer[i] = (byte) Integer.parseInt(value.substring(i * 2, i * 2 + 2), 16);
        }

        // RSA解密
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance("RSA");
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateKey);
        buffer = cipher.doFinal(buffer);
        return new String(buffer, "utf-8");
    }

    /**
     * RSA签名
     * 
     * @param value
     *            加密字符串
     * @param privateKey
     *            私钥
     * @param halg
     *            加密算法,如MD5, SHA1, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512等
     * @return 签名
     * @throws Exception
     *             签名过程中的异常信息
     */
    public static String sign(String value, RSAPrivateKey privateKey, String halg) throws Exception {

        Signature s = Signature.getInstance(halg.toUpperCase().endsWith("WithRSA") ? halg : (halg + "WithRSA"));

        s.initSign(privateKey);
        s.update(value.getBytes("utf-8"));

        byte[] buffer = s.sign();

        // 使用hex格式输出公钥
        StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
        for (int i = 0; i < buffer.length; i++) {
            result.append(String.format("%02x", buffer[i]));
        }
        return result.toString();
    }

    /**
     * RSA签名验证
     * 
     * @param value
     *            加密字符串
     * @param publicKey
     *            公钥
     * @param halg
     *            加密算法,如MD5, SHA1, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512等
     * @return 签名合法则返回true,否则返回false
     * @throws Exception
     *             验证过程中的异常信息
     */
    public static boolean verify(String value, RSAPublicKey publicKey, String signature, String halg) throws Exception {
        Signature s = Signature.getInstance(halg.toUpperCase().endsWith("WithRSA") ? halg : (halg + "WithRSA"));
        s.initVerify(publicKey);
        s.update(value.getBytes("utf-8"));

        byte[] buffer = new byte[signature.length() / 2];
        for (int i = 0; i < buffer.length; i++) {
            buffer[i] = (byte) Integer.parseInt(signature.substring(i * 2, i * 2 + 2), 16);
        }

        return s.verify(buffer);
    }

}

   生成公钥和私钥:  

    // 生成公私钥
    Object[] rsaKey = RsaUtil.generateRsaKey(usePKCS8); //usePKCS8=true表示是否成PKCS8格式的公私秘钥,否则乘车PKCS1格式的公私秘钥
    byte[] publicKey = (byte[]) rsaKey[0];
    byte[] privateKey = (byte[]) rsaKey[1];

  生成秘钥后,需要保存,一般保存到pem文件中: 

    // 保存到pem文件,filePath是保存目录
    RsaUtil.writeToPem(publicKey, false, filePath + "rsa.pub");
    RsaUtil.writeToPem(privateKey, true, filePath + "rsa.pem");

   可以保存到pem文件中,当然也可以从pem文件中读取了:  

    // 从Pem文件读取公私钥,filePath是文件目录
    byte[] publicKey = RsaUtil.readFromPem(filePath + "rsa.pub");
    byte[] privateKey = RsaUtil.readFromPem(filePath + "rsa.pem");

  还可以从crt证书中读取公钥,而crt文件不包含私钥,因此需要单独获取私钥: 

    // 从crt文件读取公钥(crt文件中不包含私钥),filePath是文件目录
    byte[] publicKey = RsaUtil.readPublicKeyFromCrt(filePath + "demo.crt");
    byte[] privateKey = RsaUtil.readFromPem(filePath + "demo.key");

   pfx文件中包含了公钥和私钥,可以很方便就读取到:  

    // 从pfx文件读取公私钥,filePath是文件目录
    Object[] rsaKey = RsaUtil.readFromPfx(filePath + "demo.pfx", "123456");
    byte[] publicKey = (byte[]) rsaKey[0];
    byte[] privateKey = (byte[]) rsaKey[1];

  有时候我们还可能需要进行秘钥的转换:  

    // Pkcs8格式公钥转换为Pkcs1格式公钥
    publicKey = RsaUtil.pkcs8ToPkcs1(false, publicKey);
    // Pkcs8格式私钥转换为Pkcs1格式私钥
    privateKey = RsaUtil.pkcs8ToPkcs1(true, privateKey);
    // Pkcs1格式公钥转换为Pkcs8格式公钥
    publicKey = RsaUtil.pkcs1ToPkcs8(false, publicKey);
    // Pkcs1格式私钥转换为Pkcs8格式私钥
    privateKey = RsaUtil.pkcs1ToPkcs8(true, privateKey);

  有了公钥和私钥,接下就就能实现加密、解密、签名、验证签名等操作了:  

    RSAPublicKey rsaPublicKey = RsaUtil.generatePublicKey(usePKCS8, publicKey);
    RSAPrivateKey rsaPrivateKey = RsaUtil.generatePrivateKey(usePKCS8, privateKey);

    String encryptText = RsaUtil.rsaEncrypt(text, rsaPublicKey);
    System.out.printf("【%s】经过【RSA】加密后:%s\n", text, encryptText);

    String decryptText = RsaUtil.rsaDecrypt(encryptText, rsaPrivateKey);
    System.out.printf("【%s】经过【RSA】解密后:%s\n", encryptText, decryptText);

    String signature = RsaUtil.sign(text, rsaPrivateKey, "MD5");
    System.out.printf("【%s】经过【RSA】签名后:%s\n", text, signature);

    boolean result = RsaUtil.verify(text, rsaPublicKey, signature, "MD5");
    System.out.printf("【%s】的签名【%s】经过【RSA】验证后结果是:" + result, text, signature);

  这里完整的demo代码:

    import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
    import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;
    
    public class RsaMain {
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            try {
                String text = "上山打老虎";
                boolean usePKCS8 = true; // usePKCS8=true表示是否成PKCS8格式的公私秘钥,否则乘车PKCS1格式的公私秘钥
                String filePath = RsaUtil.class.getClassLoader().getResource("").getPath();
                System.out.printf("文件路径:%s\n", filePath);// 存放pem,crt,pfx等文件的目录
                byte[] publicKey, privateKey;// 公钥和私钥
    
                // 生成公私钥
                Object[] rsaKey = RsaUtil.generateRsaKey(usePKCS8); // usePKCS8=true表示是否成PKCS8格式的公私秘钥,否则乘车PKCS1格式的公私秘钥
                publicKey = (byte[]) rsaKey[0];
                privateKey = (byte[]) rsaKey[1];
                // 从Pem文件读取公私钥,filePath是文件目录
                // publicKey = RsaUtil.readFromPem(filePath + "rsa.pub");
                // privateKey = RsaUtil.readFromPem(filePath + "rsa.pem");
                // 从pfx文件读取公私钥,filePath是文件目录
                // Object[] rsaKey = RsaUtil.readFromPfx(filePath + "demo.pfx",
                // "123456");
                // publicKey = (byte[]) rsaKey[0];
                // privateKey = (byte[]) rsaKey[1];
                // 从crt文件读取公钥(crt文件中不包含私钥),filePath是文件目录
                // publicKey = RsaUtil.readPublicKeyFromCrt(filePath + "demo.crt");
                // privateKey = RsaUtil.readFromPem(filePath + "demo.key");
    
                // 保存到pem文件,filePath是保存目录
                RsaUtil.writeToPem(publicKey, false, filePath + "rsa.pub");
                RsaUtil.writeToPem(privateKey, true, filePath + "rsa.pem");
    
                // Pkcs8格式公钥转换为Pkcs1格式公钥
                publicKey = RsaUtil.pkcs8ToPkcs1(false, publicKey);
                // Pkcs8格式私钥转换为Pkcs1格式私钥
                privateKey = RsaUtil.pkcs8ToPkcs1(true, privateKey);
                // Pkcs1格式公钥转换为Pkcs8格式公钥
                publicKey = RsaUtil.pkcs1ToPkcs8(false, publicKey);
                // Pkcs1格式私钥转换为Pkcs8格式私钥
                privateKey = RsaUtil.pkcs1ToPkcs8(true, privateKey);
    
                RSAPublicKey rsaPublicKey = RsaUtil.generatePublicKey(usePKCS8, publicKey);
                RSAPrivateKey rsaPrivateKey = RsaUtil.generatePrivateKey(usePKCS8, privateKey);
    
                String encryptText = RsaUtil.rsaEncrypt(text, rsaPublicKey);
                System.out.printf("【%s】经过【RSA】加密后:%s\n", text, encryptText);
    
                String decryptText = RsaUtil.rsaDecrypt(encryptText, rsaPrivateKey);
                System.out.printf("【%s】经过【RSA】解密后:%s\n", encryptText, decryptText);
    
                String signature = RsaUtil.sign(text, rsaPrivateKey, "MD5");
                System.out.printf("【%s】经过【RSA】签名后:%s\n", text, signature);
    
                boolean result = RsaUtil.verify(text, rsaPublicKey, signature, "MD5");
                System.out.printf("【%s】的签名【%s】经过【RSA】验证后结果是:" + result, text, signature);
    
            } catch (Exception e) {
                // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }

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