MySQL Innodb 存储结构 和 存储Null值 用法详解
作者:jyzhou
背景:
表空间:INNODB 所有数据都存在表空间当中(共享表空间),要是开启innodb_file_per_table,则每张表的数据会存到单独的一个表空间内(独享表空间)。
独享表空间包括:数据,索引,插入缓存,数据字典。共享表空间包括:Undo信息(不会回收<物理空间上>),双写缓存信息,事务信息等。
段(segment):组成表空间,有区组成。
区(extent):有64个连续的页组成。每个页16K,总共1M。对于大的数据段,每次最后可申请4个区。
页(page):是INNODB 磁盘管理的单位,有行组成。
行(row):包括事务ID,回滚指针,列信息等。
目的1:
了解表空间各个页的信息和溢出行数据存储的信息。通过该书作者蒋承尧编写的工具:http://code.google.com/p/david-mysql-tools/source/browse/trunk/py_innodb_page_type/
3个脚本:
py_innodb_page_info.py
View Code #! /usr/bin/env python #encoding=utf-8 import mylib from sys import argv from mylib import myargv if __name__ == '__main__': myargv = myargv(argv) if myargv.parse_cmdline() == 0: pass else: mylib.get_innodb_page_type(myargv)
mylib.py
View Code encoding=utf-8 import os import include from include import * TABLESPACE_NAME='D:\\mysql_data\\test\\t.ibd' VARIABLE_FIELD_COUNT = 1 NULL_FIELD_COUNT = 0 class myargv(object): def __init__(self, argv): self.argv = argv self.parms = {} self.tablespace = '' def parse_cmdline(self): argv = self.argv if len(argv) == 1: print 'Usage: python py_innodb_page_info.py [OPTIONS] tablespace_file' print 'For more options, use python py_innodb_page_info.py -h' return 0 while argv: if argv[0][0] == '-': if argv[0][1] == 'h': self.parms[argv[0]] = '' argv = argv[1:] break if argv[0][1] == 'v': self.parms[argv[0]] = '' argv = argv[1:] else: self.parms[argv[0]] = argv[1] argv = argv[2:] else: self.tablespace = argv[0] argv = argv[1:] if self.parms.has_key('-h'): print 'Get InnoDB Page Info' print 'Usage: python py_innodb_page_info.py [OPTIONS] tablespace_file\n' print 'The following options may be given as the first argument:' print '-h help ' print '-o output put the result to file' print '-t number thread to anayle the tablespace file' print '-v verbose mode' return 0 return 1 def mach_read_from_n(page,start_offset,length): ret = page[start_offset:start_offset+length] return ret.encode('hex') def get_innodb_page_type(myargv): f=file(myargv.tablespace,'rb') fsize = os.path.getsize(f.name)/INNODB_PAGE_SIZE ret = {} for i in range(fsize): page = f.read(INNODB_PAGE_SIZE) page_offset = mach_read_from_n(page,FIL_PAGE_OFFSET,4) page_type = mach_read_from_n(page,FIL_PAGE_TYPE,2) if myargv.parms.has_key('-v'): if page_type == '45bf': page_level = mach_read_from_n(page,FIL_PAGE_DATA+PAGE_LEVEL,2) print "page offset %s, page type <%s>, page level <%s>"%(page_offset,innodb_page_type[page_type],page_level) else: print "page offset %s, page type <%s>"%(page_offset,innodb_page_type[page_type]) if not ret.has_key(page_type): ret[page_type] = 1 else: ret[page_type] = ret[page_type] + 1 print "Total number of page: %d:"%fsize for type in ret: print "%s: %s"%(innodb_page_type[type],ret[type])
include.py
View Code #encoding=utf-8 INNODB_PAGE_SIZE = 16*1024*1024 # Start of the data on the page FIL_PAGE_DATA = 38 FIL_PAGE_OFFSET = 4 # page offset inside space FIL_PAGE_TYPE = 24 # File page type # Types of an undo log segment */ TRX_UNDO_INSERT = 1 TRX_UNDO_UPDATE = 2 # On a page of any file segment, data may be put starting from this offset FSEG_PAGE_DATA = FIL_PAGE_DATA # The offset of the undo log page header on pages of the undo log TRX_UNDO_PAGE_HDR = FSEG_PAGE_DATA PAGE_LEVEL = 26 #level of the node in an index tree; the leaf level is the level 0 */ innodb_page_type={ '0000':u'Freshly Allocated Page', '0002':u'Undo Log Page', '0003':u'File Segment inode', '0004':u'Insert Buffer Free List', '0005':u'Insert Buffer Bitmap', '0006':u'System Page', '0007':u'Transaction system Page', '0008':u'File Space Header', '0009':u'扩展描述页', '000a':u'Uncompressed BLOB Page', '000b':u'1st compressed BLOB Page', '000c':u'Subsequent compressed BLOB Page', '45bf':u'B-tree Node' } innodb_page_direction={ '0000': 'Unknown(0x0000)', '0001': 'Page Left', '0002': 'Page Right', '0003': 'Page Same Rec', '0004': 'Page Same Page', '0005': 'Page No Direction', 'ffff': 'Unkown2(0xffff)' } INNODB_PAGE_SIZE=1024*16 # InnoDB Page 16K
测试1:
root@localhost : test 02:26:13>create table tt(id int auto_increment,name varchar(10),age int,address varchar(20),primary key (id))engine=innodb; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec) root@zhoujy:/var/lib/mysql/test# ls -lh tt.ibd -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 96K 2012-10-17 14:26 tt.ibd
查看ibd:
root@zhoujy:/home/zhoujy/jiaoben/read_ibd# python py_innodb_page_info.py /var/lib/mysql/test/tt.ibd -v page offset 00000000, page type <File Space Header> page offset 00000001, page type <Insert Buffer Bitmap> page offset 00000002, page type <File Segment inode> page offset 00000003, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> ---叶子节点 page offset 00000000, page type <Freshly Allocated Page> page offset 00000000, page type <Freshly Allocated Page> Total number of page: 6: Freshly Allocated Page: 2 Insert Buffer Bitmap: 1 File Space Header: 1 B-tree Node: 1 File Segment inode: 1
解释:
Total number of page: 总页数
Freshly Allocated Page:可用页
Insert Buffer Bitmap:插入缓存位图页
Insert Buffer Free List:插入缓存空闲列表页
B-tree Node:数据页
Uncompressed BLOB Page:二进制大对象页,存放溢出行的页,即溢出页
上面得到的信息是表初始化大小为96K,他是有 Total number of page * 16 得来的。1个数据页,2个可用页面。
root@localhost : test 02:42:58>insert into tt values(name,age,address) values('aaa',23,'HZZZ');
疑惑:为什么没有申请区?区是64个连续的页,大小1M。那么表大小也应该是至少1M。但是现在只有96K(默认)。原因是因为每个段开始的时候,先有32个页大小的碎片页存放数据,使用
完之后才是64页的连续申请,最多每次可以申请4个区,保证数据的顺序。这里看出表大小增加是按照至少64页的大小的空间来增加的,即1M增加。
验证:
填充数据,写满这32个碎片页,32*16 = 512K。看看是否能申请大于1M的空间。
View Code root@zhoujy:/home/zhoujy/jiaoben/read_ibd# ls -lh /var/lib/mysql/test/tt.ibd -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 576K 2012-10-17 15:30 /var/lib/mysql/test/tt.ibd root@zhoujy:/home/zhoujy/jiaoben/read_ibd# python py_innodb_page_info.py /var/lib/mysql/test/tt.ibd -v page offset 00000000, page type <File Space Header> page offset 00000001, page type <Insert Buffer Bitmap> page offset 00000002, page type <File Segment inode> page offset 00000003, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0001> page offset 00000004, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000005, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000006, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000007, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000008, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000009, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 0000000a, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 0000000b, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 0000000c, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 0000000d, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 0000000e, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 0000000f, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000010, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000011, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000012, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000013, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000014, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000015, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000016, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000017, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000018, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000019, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 0000001a, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 0000001b, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 0000001c, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 0000001d, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 0000001e, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 0000001f, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000020, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000021, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000022, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000023, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> Total number of page: 36: Insert Buffer Bitmap: 1 File Space Header: 1 B-tree Node: 33 File Segment inode: 1
"额外"页:4个
page offset 00000000, page type <File Space Header> :文件头空间页
page offset 00000001, page type <Insert Buffer Bitmap>:插入缓存位图页
page offset 00000002, page type <File Segment inode>:文件段节点
page offset 00000003, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0001>:根页
碎片页:32个
page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000>
总共36个页,ibd大小 576K的由来:32*16=512K(碎片页)+ 4*16=64(额外页),这里开始要是再插入的话,应该申请最少1M的页:
root@zhoujy:/home/zhoujy/jiaoben/read_ibd# ls -lh /var/lib/mysql/test/tt.ibd -rw-rw---- 1 mysql mysql 2.0M 2012-10-17 16:10 /var/lib/mysql/test/tt.ibd root@zhoujy:/home/zhoujy/jiaoben/read_ibd# python py_innodb_page_info.py /var/lib/mysql/test/tt.ibd Total number of page: 128: Freshly Allocated Page: 91 Insert Buffer Bitmap: 1 File Space Header: 1 B-tree Node: 34 File Segment inode: 1
页从36跳到了128,因为已经用完了32个碎片页,新的页会采用区的方式进行空间申请。信息中看到有很多可用页,正好说明这点。
▲溢出行数据存放:INNODB存储引擎是索引组织的,即每页中至少有两行记录,因此如果页中只能存放一行记录,INNODB会自动将行数据放到溢出页中。当发生溢出行的时候,实际数据保存在BLOB页中,数据页只保存数据的前768字节(老的文件格式),新的文件格式(Barracuda)采用完全行溢出的方式,数据页只保存20个字节的指针,BLOB也保存所有数据。如何查看表中有溢出行数据呢?
root@localhost : test 04:52:34>create table t1 (id int,name varchar(10),memo varchar(8000))engine =innodb default charset utf8; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec) root@localhost : test 04:53:10>insert into t1 values(1,'zjy',repeat('我',8000)); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
查看ibd:
root@zhoujy:/home/zhoujy/jiaoben/read_ibd# python py_innodb_page_info.py /var/lib/mysql/test/t1.ibd -v page offset 00000000, page type <File Space Header> page offset 00000001, page type <Insert Buffer Bitmap> page offset 00000002, page type <File Segment inode> page offset 00000003, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000004, page type <Uncompressed BLOB Page> page offset 00000005, page type <Uncompressed BLOB Page> Total number of page: 6: Insert Buffer Bitmap: 1 Uncompressed BLOB Page: 2 File Space Header: 1 B-tree Node: 1 File Segment inode: 1
从信息中看到,刚才插入的一行记录,已经溢出了,保存到了2个BLOB页中(<Uncompressed BLOB Page>)。因为1页只有16K,又要存2行数据,所以每行记录最好小于8K,而上面的远远大于8K,所以被溢出了。当然这个也不是包括特大字段,要是一张表里面有5个字段都是varchar(512)【多个varchar的总和大于8K就可以】,也会溢出:
root@localhost : test 05:08:39>create table t2 (id int,name varchar(1000),address varchar(512),company varchar(200),xx varchar(512),memo varchar(512),dem varchar(1000))engine =innodb default charset utf8; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec) root@localhost : test 05:08:43>insert into t2 values(1,repeat('周',1000),repeat('我',500),repeat('丁',500),repeat('啊',500),repeat('噢',500),repeat('阿a',500));
1000+500+500+500+500+500=3500*3>8000字节;行会被溢出:
root@zhoujy:/home/zhoujy/jiaoben/read_ibd# python py_innodb_page_info.py /var/lib/mysql/test/t2.ibd -v page offset 00000000, page type <File Space Header> page offset 00000001, page type <Insert Buffer Bitmap> page offset 00000002, page type <File Segment inode> page offset 00000003, page type <B-tree Node>, page level <0000> page offset 00000004, page type <Uncompressed BLOB Page> page offset 00000000, page type <Freshly Allocated Page> Total number of page: 6: Insert Buffer Bitmap: 1 Freshly Allocated Page: 1 File Segment inode: 1 B-tree Node: 1 File Space Header: 1 Uncompressed BLOB Page: 1
<Uncompressed BLOB Page> 页存放真正的数据,那数据页到底存放什么?用hexdump查看:
root@zhoujy:/home/zhoujy/jiaoben/read_ibd# hexdump -C -v /var/lib/mysql/test/t1.ibd > t1.txt
查看ibd:
View Code 3082 0000c090 00 32 01 10 80 00 00 01 7a 6a 79 e6 88 91 e6 88 |.2......zjy.....| 3083 0000c0a0 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3084 0000c0b0 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3085 0000c0c0 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3086 0000c0d0 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3087 0000c0e0 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3088 0000c0f0 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3089 0000c100 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3090 0000c110 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3091 0000c120 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3092 0000c130 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3093 0000c140 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3094 0000c150 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3095 0000c160 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3096 0000c170 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3097 0000c180 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3098 0000c190 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3099 0000c1a0 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3100 0000c1b0 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3101 0000c1c0 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3102 0000c1d0 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3103 0000c1e0 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3104 0000c1f0 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3105 0000c200 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3106 0000c210 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3107 0000c220 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3108 0000c230 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3109 0000c240 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3110 0000c250 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3111 0000c260 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3112 0000c270 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3113 0000c280 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3114 0000c290 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3115 0000c2a0 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3116 0000c2b0 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3117 0000c2c0 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3118 0000c2d0 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3119 0000c2e0 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3120 0000c2f0 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3121 0000c300 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3122 0000c310 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3123 0000c320 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3124 0000c330 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3125 0000c340 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3126 0000c350 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3127 0000c360 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 |................| 3128 0000c370 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 |................| 3129 0000c380 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 |................| 3130 0000c390 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 e6 88 91 00 00 02 1c 00 |................|
文本中刚好是48行,每行16字节。48*16=768字节,刚好验证了之前说的:数据页只保存数据的前768字节(老的文件格式)。
总结1:
通过上面的信息,可以能清楚的知道ibd表空间各个页的分布和利用信息以及表空间大小增加的步长;特别注意的是溢出行,一个页中至少包含2行数据,如果页中存放的行数越多,性能就越好。
************************************
************************************
目的2:
了解表空间如何存储数据,以及对NULL值的存储。
测试2:
在测试前先了解INNODB的存储格式(row_format)。老格式(Antelope):Compact<默认>,Redumdant;新格式(Barracuda):Compressed,Dynamic。
这里测试指针对默认的存储格式。
Compact行记录方式如下:
|变长字段长度列表(1~2字节)|NULL标志位(1字节)|记录头信息(5字节)|RowID(6字节)|事务ID(6字节)|回滚指针(7字节)|
上面信息除了 "NULL标志位"[表中所有字段都定义为NOT NULL],"RowID"[表中有主键] ,"变长字段长度列表" [没有变长字段] 可能不存在外,其他信息都会出现。所以一行数据除了列数据所占用的字段外,还需要额外18字节。
一:字段全NULL
mysql> create table mytest(t1 varchar(10),t2 varchar(10),t3 varchar(10) ,t4 varchar(10))engine=innodb charset = latin1 row_format=compact; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec) mysql> insert into mytest values('a','bb','bb','ccc'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec) mysql> insert into mytest values('a','ee','ee','fff'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into mytest values('a',NULL,NULL,'fff'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
测试数据准备完之后,执行shell命令:
root@zhoujy:/usr/local/mysql/test# hexdump -C -v mytest.ibd > /home/zhoujy/mytest.txt
打开mytest.txt文件找到supremum这一行:
0000c070 73 75 70 72 65 6d 75 6d 03 02 02 01 00 00 00 10 |supremum........| ----------->一行,16字节 0000c080 00 25 00 00 00 03 b9 00 00 00 00 02 49 01 82 00 |.%..........I...| 0000c090 00 01 4a 01 10 61 62 62 62 62 63 63 63 03 02 02 |..J..abbbbccc...| 0000c0a0 01 00 00 00 18 00 23 00 00 00 03 b9 01 00 00 00 |......#.........| 0000c0b0 02 49 02 83 00 00 01 4b 01 10 61 65 65 65 65 66 |.I.....K..aeeeef| 0000c0c0 66 66 03 01 06 00 00 20 ff a6 00 00 00 03 b9 02 |ff..... ........| 0000c0d0 00 00 00 02 49 03 84 00 00 01 4c 01 10 61 66 66 |....I.....L..aff| 0000c0e0 66 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |f...............|
解释:
第一行数据:
03 02 02 01/*变长字段*/ ---- 表中4个字段类型为varchar,并且没有NULL数据,而且每个字段君小于255。
00 /*NULL标志位,第一行没有null的数据*/
00 00 10 00 25 /*记录头信息,固定5个字节*/
00 00 00 03 b9 00/*RowID,固定6个字节,表没有主键*/
00 00 00 02 49 01 /*事务ID,固定6个字节*/
82 00 00 01 4a 01 10 /*回滚指针,固定7个字节*/
61 62 62 62 62 63 63 63/*列的数据*/
第二行数据和第一行数据一样(颜色匹配)。
第三行数据(有NULL值)和第一行的解释的颜色对应起来比较差别:
03 02 02 01 VS 03 01 ----------当值为NULL时,变长字段列表不会占用存储空间。 61 62 62 62 62 63 63 63 VS 61 66 66 66 --------- NULL值没有存储,不占空间
结论:当值为NULL时,变长字段列表不会占用存储空间。NULL值没有存储,不占空间,但是需要一个标志位(一行一个)。
二:字段全NOT NULL
mysql> create table mytest(t1 varchar(10) NOT NULL,t2 varchar(10) NOT NULL,t3 varchar(10) NOT NULL,t4 varchar(10) NOT NULL)engine=innodb charset = latin1 row_format=compact; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> insert into mytest values('a','bb','bb','ccc'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into mytest values('a','ee','ee','fff'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into mytest values('a',NULL,NULL,'fff'); ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 't2' cannot be null
步骤和上面一样,得到的ibd的结果是:
0000c070 73 75 70 72 65 6d 75 6d 03 02 02 01 00 00 10 00 |supremum........| 0000c080 24 00 00 00 03 b9 03 00 00 00 02 49 07 87 00 00 |$..........I....| 0000c090 01 4f 01 10 61 62 62 62 62 63 63 63 03 02 02 01 |.O..abbbbccc....| 0000c0a0 00 00 18 ff cb 00 00 00 03 b9 04 00 00 00 02 49 |...............I| 0000c0b0 08 88 00 00 01 50 01 10 61 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 |.....P..aeeeefff|
和上面比较,发现少了NULL的标志位信息。
结论: NULL值会有额外的空间来存储,即每行1字节的大小。对于相同数据的表,字段中有NULL值的表比NOT NULL的大。
三:1个NULL,和1个''的数据:
mysql> create table mytest(t1 varchar(10) NOT NULL,t2 varchar(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',t3 varchar(10) NOT NULL ,t4 varchar(10))engine=innodb charset = latin1 row_format=compact; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> insert into mytest(t1,t2) values('A','BB'); Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
步骤和上面一样,得到的ibd的结果是:
0000c070 73 75 70 72 65 6d 75 6d 00 02 01 01 00 00 10 ff |supremum........| 0000c080 ef 00 00 00 43 b9 03 00 00 00 02 4a 15 90 00 00 |....C......J....| 0000c090 01 c2 01 10 41 42 42 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |....ABB.........|
和上面2个区别主要在于变长列表和列数据这里。
结论:列数据信息里表明了 NULL数据和''数据都不占用任何空间,对于变长字段列表的信息,和一对比得出:‘'数据虽然不需要占用任何存储空间,但是在变长字段列表里面还是需要占用一个字节<毕竟还是一个‘'值>,NULL值不需要占用”,只是NULL会有额外的一个标志位,所以能有个优化的说法:“数据库表中能设置NOT NULL的就尽量设置为NOT NULL,除非确实需要NULL值得。” 在此得到了证明。
上面的测试都是针对VARCHAR的变长类型,那对于CHAR呢?
CHAR 测试:
root@localhost : test 10:33:35>create table mytest(t1 char(10),t2 char(10),t3 char(10) ,t4 char(10))engine=innodb charset = latin1 row_format=compact;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.16 sec) root@localhost : test 10:33:59>insert into mytest values('a','bb','bb','ccc'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) root@localhost : test 10:34:09>insert into mytest values('a','ee','ee','fff'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) root@localhost : test 10:34:19>insert into mytest values('a',NULL,NULL,'fff'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
打开ibd生成的文件:
0000c060 02 00 1b 69 6e 66 69 6d 75 6d 00 04 00 0b 00 00 |...infimum......| 0000c070 73 75 70 72 65 6d 75 6d 00 00 00 10 00 41 00 00 |supremum.....A..| 0000c080 00 0a f5 00 00 00 00 81 2d 07 80 00 00 00 32 01 |........-.....2.| 0000c090 10 61 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 62 62 20 20 20 |.a bb | 0000c0a0 20 20 20 20 20 62 62 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 | bb c| 0000c0b0 63 63 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 00 00 00 18 00 41 00 |cc .....A.| 0000c0c0 00 00 0a f5 01 00 00 00 81 2d 08 80 00 00 00 32 |.........-.....2| 0000c0d0 01 10 61 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 65 20 20 |..a ee | 0000c0e0 20 20 20 20 20 20 65 65 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | ee | 0000c0f0 66 66 66 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 06 00 00 20 ff 70 |fff ... .p| 0000c100 00 00 00 0a f5 02 00 00 00 81 2d 09 80 00 00 00 |..........-.....| 0000c110 32 01 10 61 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 66 66 66 |2..a fff| 0000c120 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 | .........|
和一的varchar比较发现:少了变长字段列表,但是对于char来讲,需要固定长度来存储的,存不到固定长度,也会被填充满。如:20;并且NULL值也不需要占用存储空间。
混合(varchar,char):
root@localhost : test 11:21:48>create table mytest(t1 int,t2 char(10),t3 varchar(10) ,t4 char(10))engine=innodb charset = latin1 row_format=compact; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec) root@localhost : test 11:21:50>insert into mytest values(1,'a','b','c'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) root@localhost : test 11:22:06>insert into mytest values(11,'aa','bb','cc'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
从上面的表结构中看出:
1,变长字段列表长度:1
2,NULL标志位:1
3,记录头信息:5
4,RowID:6
5,事务ID:6
6,回滚指针:7
idb的信息:
0000c070 73 75 70 72 65 6d 75 6d 01 00 00 00 10 00 33 00 |supremum......3.| 0000c080 00 00 0a f5 07 00 00 00 81 2d 1a 80 00 00 00 32 |.........-.....2| 0000c090 01 10 80 00 00 01 61 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |......a | 0000c0a0 62 63 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 02 00 00 00 18 |bc .....| 0000c0b0 ff be 00 00 00 0a f5 08 00 00 00 81 2d 1b 80 00 |............-...| 0000c0c0 00 00 32 01 10 80 00 00 0b 61 61 20 20 20 20 20 |..2......aa | 0000c0d0 20 20 20 62 62 63 63 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 00 | bbcc .|
从上信息得出和之前预料的一样:因为表中只有一个varchar字段,所以,变长列表长度就只有:01
特别注意的是:各个列数据存储的信息:t1字段为int 类型,占用4个字节的大小。第一行:80 00 00 01 就是表示 1 数字;第二行:80 00 00 0b 表示了11的数字。[select hex(11) == B ],其他的和上面的例子一样。
上面都是latin1单字节字符集的说明,那对于多字节字符集的情况怎么样?
root@localhost : test 11:52:10>create table mytest(id int auto_increment,t2 varchar(10),t3 varchar(10) ,t4 char(10),primary key(id))engine=innodb charset = utf8 row_format=compact; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec) root@localhost : test 11:52:11>insert into mytest(t2,t3,t4) values('bb','bb','ccc'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) root@localhost : test 11:55:34>insert into mytest(t2,t3,t4) values('我们','他们','我们的'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
ibd信息如下:
0000c070 73 75 70 72 65 6d 75 6d 0a 02 02 00 00 00 10 00 |supremum........| 0000c080 28 80 00 00 01 00 00 00 81 2d 27 80 00 00 00 32 |(........-'....2| 0000c090 01 10 62 62 62 62 63 63 63 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |..bbbbccc | 0000c0a0 0a 06 06 00 00 00 18 ff c7 80 00 00 02 00 00 00 |................| 0000c0b0 81 2d 28 80 00 00 00 32 01 10 e6 88 91 e4 bb ac |.-(....2........| 0000c0c0 e4 bb 96 e4 bb ac e6 88 91 e4 bb ac e7 9a 84 20 |............... |
因为表有了主键,所以ROWID(6字节)不见了。
特别注意的是:变长字段列表是3?表里面的varchar类型的列只有2个啊。经测试得出:在多字节字符集的条件下,char类型被当成可变长度的类型来处理,他们的行存储基本没有区别,所以这个就出现变长列表是3了,因为是utf8字符集,占用三个字节。所以一个汉字均占用了一个页中3个字节的空间(”我们“ :e6 88 91 e4 bb ac)。
数据列的信息:
id列的1值,应该是 80 00 00 01,为什么这个显示00 32 01 10,而且所有的id都是00 32 01 10。测试发现,id为自增主键的时候,id的4个字节长度都是以00 32 01 10 表示。否则和前面一个例子里说的,用select HEX(X) 表示。
总结2:
上面的测试都是基于COMPACT存储格式的,不管是varchar还是char,NULL值是不需要占用存储空间的;特别需要注意的是Redumdant的记录头信息需要6个固定字节;在多字节字符集的条件下,CHAR和VARCHAR的行存储基本是没有区别的。
到此这篇关于MySQL Innodb 存储结构 和 存储Null值 用法详解的文章就介绍到这了,更多相关MySQL Innodb 存储结构 存储Null值内容请搜索脚本之家以前的文章或继续浏览下面的相关文章希望大家以后多多支持脚本之家!