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MySQL中无过滤条件的count详解

作者:点滴积累

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count(*)

实现

1、MyISAM:将表的总行数存放在磁盘上,针对无过滤条件的查询可以直接返回

如果有过滤条件的count(*),MyISAM也不能很快返回

2、InnoDB:从存储引擎一行行地读出数据,然后累加计数

由于MVCC,在同一时刻,InnoDB应该返回多少行是不确定

样例

假设表t有10000条记录

session A session B session C
BEGIN;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;(返回10000)
INSERT INTO t;(插入一行)
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO t(插入一行);
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;(返回10000) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM t;(返回10002) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T;(返回10001)

最后时刻三个会话同时查询t的总行数,拿到的结果却是不同的

InnoDB默认事务隔离级别是RR,通过MVCC实现

优化

1、InnoDB是索引组织表

2、二级索引树占用的空间比聚簇索引树小很多

3、优化器会在保证逻辑正确的前提下,遍历最小的索引树,尽量减少扫描的数据量

show table status

mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
 Name: t
 Engine: InnoDB
 Version: 10
 Row_format: Dynamic
 Rows: 100256
 Avg_row_length: 47
 Data_length: 4734976
Max_data_length: 0
 Index_length: 5275648
 Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: NULL
 Create_time: 2019-02-01 17:49:07
 Update_time: NULL
 Check_time: NULL
 Collation: utf8_general_ci
 Checksum: NULL
 Create_options:
 Comment:

SHOW TABLE STATUS同样通过采样来估算(非常不精确),误差能到40%~50%

维护计数

缓存

方案

缺点

丢失更新

1、Redis可能会丢失更新

2、解决方案:Redis异常重启后,到数据库执行一次count(*)

逻辑不精确 – 致命

1、场景:显示操作记录的总数和最近操作的100条记录

2、Redis和MySQL是两个不同的存储系统,不支持分布式事务,因此无法拿到精确的一致性视图

时序A

session B在T3时刻,查到的100行结果里面有最新插入的记录,但Redis还没有+1,逻辑不一致

时刻 session A session B
T1
T2 插入一行数据R;
T3 读取Redis计数;
查询最近100条记录;
T4 Redis计数+1;

时序B

session B在T3时刻,查到的100行结果里面没有最新插入的记录,但Redis已经+1,逻辑不一致

时刻 session A session B
T1
T2 Redis计数+1;
T3 读取Redis计数;
查询最近100条记录;
T4 插入一行数据R;

数据库

时刻 session A session B
T1
T2 BEGIN;
表C中的计数值+1;
T3 BEGIN;
读表C计数值;
查询最新100条记录;
COMMIT;
T4 插入一行数据R;
COMMIT;

count的性能

语义

1、count()是一个聚合函数,对于返回的结果集,一行一行地进行判断

如果count函数的参数值不是NULL,累计值+1,否则不加,最后返回累计值

2、count(字段F)

3、count(主键ID)、count(1)、count(*)

4、Server层要什么字段,InnoDB引擎就返回什么字段

性能对比

count(字段F)

1、如果字段F定义为不允许为NULL,一行行地从记录里读出这个字段,判断通过后按行累加

2、如果字段F定义为允许NULL,一行行地从记录里读出这个字段,判断通过后按行累加

3、如果字段F上没有二级索引,只能遍历整张表(聚簇索引)

4、由于InnoDB必须返回字段F,因此优化器能做出的优化决策将减少

count(主键ID)

count(1)

  1. InnoDB引擎会遍历整张表(聚簇索引),但不取值
  2. Server层对于返回的每一行,放一个数字1进去,判断是不可能为NULL,按行累加
  3. count(1)比count(主键ID)快,因为count(主键ID)会涉及到两部分操作

count(*)

  1. count(*)不会把所有值都取出来,而是专门做了优化,不取值,因为『*』肯定不为NULL,按行累加
  2. 不取值:InnoDB返回一个空行,告诉Server层不是NULL,可以计数

效率排序

  1. count(字段F) < count(主键ID) < count(1) ≈ count(*)
  2. 尽量使用count(*)

样例

mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE prop_action_batch_reward\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
 Table: prop_action_batch_reward
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `prop_action_batch_reward` (
 `id` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
 `source` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
 `serial_id` bigint(20) NOT NULL,
 `create_time` datetime NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
 `user_ids` mediumtext,
 `serial_index` tinyint(4) DEFAULT '0',
 PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
 UNIQUE KEY `uniq_serial_id_source_index` (`serial_id`,`source`,`serial_index`),
 KEY `idx_create_time` (`create_time`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

count(字段F)

无索引

user_ids上无索引,而InnoDB又必须返回user_ids字段,只能遍历聚簇索引

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(user_ids) FROM prop_action_batch_reward;
+----+-------------+--------------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+----------+-------+
| id | select_type | table   | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+----------+-------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | prop_action_batch_reward | ALL | NULL  | NULL | NULL | NULL | 16435876 | NULL |
+----+-------------+--------------------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+----------+-------+

mysql> SELECT COUNT(user_ids) FROM prop_action_batch_reward;
+-----------------+
| count(user_ids) |
+-----------------+
| 17689788 |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (10.93 sec)

有索引

1、serial_id上有索引,可以遍历uniq_serial_id_source_index

2、但由于InnoDB必须返回serial_id字段,因此不会遍历逻辑结果等价的更优选择idx_create_time

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(serial_id) FROM prop_action_batch_reward;
+----+-------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------+-----------------------------+---------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table   | type | possible_keys | key    | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------+-----------------------------+---------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | prop_action_batch_reward | index | NULL  | uniq_serial_id_source_index | 15 | NULL | 16434890 | Using index |
+----+-------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------+-----------------------------+---------+------+----------+-------------+

mysql> SELECT COUNT(serial_id) FROM prop_action_batch_reward;
+------------------+
| count(serial_id) |
+------------------+
|  17705069 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (5.04 sec)

count(主键ID)

优化器选择了最优的索引idx_create_time来遍历,而非聚簇索引

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(id) FROM prop_action_batch_reward;
+----+-------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------+-----------------+---------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table   | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------+-----------------+---------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | prop_action_batch_reward | index | NULL  | idx_create_time | 5 | NULL | 16436797 | Using index |
+----+-------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------+-----------------+---------+------+----------+-------------+

mysql> SELECT COUNT(id) FROM prop_action_batch_reward;
+-----------+
| count(id) |
+-----------+
| 17705383 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (4.54 sec)

count(1)

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(1) FROM prop_action_batch_reward;
+----+-------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------+-----------------+---------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table   | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------+-----------------+---------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | prop_action_batch_reward | index | NULL  | idx_create_time | 5 | NULL | 16437220 | Using index |
+----+-------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------+-----------------+---------+------+----------+-------------+

mysql> SELECT COUNT(1) FROM prop_action_batch_reward;
+----------+
| count(1) |
+----------+
| 17705808 |
+----------+
1 row in set (4.12 sec)

count(*)

mysql> EXPLAIN SELECT COUNT(*) FROM prop_action_batch_reward;
+----+-------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------+-----------------+---------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table   | type | possible_keys | key  | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------+-----------------+---------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | SIMPLE | prop_action_batch_reward | index | NULL  | idx_create_time | 5 | NULL | 16437518 | Using index |
+----+-------------+--------------------------+-------+---------------+-----------------+---------+------+----------+-------------+

mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM prop_action_batch_reward;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 17706074 |
+----------+
1 row in set (4.06 sec)

参考资料

《MySQL实战45讲》

总结

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