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Nginx七层负载均衡的实现示例

作者：幸存者 · KXY

七层负载均衡它是在应用层,那么它可以完成很多应用方面的协议请求,本文主要介绍了Nginx七层负载均衡的实现示例,具有一定的参考价值,感兴趣的可以了解一下

七层负载均衡介绍

Nginx七层负载均衡是在应用层（HTTP/HTTPS）上进行的，可以根据HTTP请求的具体内容，如URL、Cookie、Header等，来决定将请求转发到哪个后端服务器。这种方式不仅能够均衡服务器的计算负载，还能实现更复杂的路由策略，例如：

四层与七层负载均衡的区别

1.1 四层负载均衡（Layer 4 Load Balancing）

1.2 七层负载均衡（Layer 7 Load Balancing）

2 七层负载均衡配置

服务器类型IP地址发行版
代理服务器（proxy)192.168.110.31/24Rocky Linux 8
静态地址服务器（static）192.168.110.32/24Rocky Linux 8
默认地址服务器（default）192.168.110.33/24Rocky Linux 8
动态地址服务器（upload）192.168.110.34/24Rocky Linux 8

2.1 后端节点配置

2.1.1 静态地址服务器（static）

[root@static ~]# mkdir /nginx/static
[root@static ~]# echo "This is static page IP=`hostname -I`" >> /nginx/static/index.html
[root@static ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/VirtualHost.conf
server {
        listen 192.168.110.32:80;
        server_name www.nginx,com;
        root /nginx;
​
        location / {
                index index.html;
        }
}
​
[root@static ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@static ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@static ~]# curl 192.168.110.32/static/
This is static page IP=192.168.110.32

2.1.2 默认地址服务器（default）

[root@default ~]# mkdir /nginx/default
[root@default ~]# echo "This is default page IP=`hostname -I`" >> /nginx/default/index.html
[root@default ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/VirtualHost.conf 
server {
        listen 192.168.110.33:80;
        server_name www.nginx,com;
        root /nginx/default;
​
        location / {
                index index.html;
        }
}
​
[root@default ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@default ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@default ~]# curl 192.168.110.33/default/
This is default page IP=192.168.110.33

2.1.3 动态地址服务器（upload）

[root@upload ~]# mkdir /nginx/upload
[root@upload ~]# echo "This is upload page IP=`hostname -I`" >> /nginx/upload/index.html
[root@upload ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/VirtualHost.conf 
server {
        listen 192.168.110.34:80;
        server_name www.nginx,com;
        root /nginx;
​
        location / {
                index index.html;
        }
}
​
[root@upload ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@upload ~]# nginx -s reload
[root@upload ~]# curl 192.168.110.34/upload/
This is upload page IP=192.168.110.34

2.2 代理服务器配置

[root@proxy ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/proxy.conf
upstream static_pools {
        server 192.168.110.32;
}
​
upstream default_pools {
        server 192.168.110.33;
}
​
upstream upload_pools {
        server 192.168.110.34;
}
​
server {
        listen 80;
        server_name www.nginx.com;
​
        location /static {
                proxy_pass http://static_pools;
                proxy_set_header host $host;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
        }
​
        location /default {
                proxy_pass http://default_pools;
                proxy_set_header host $host;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
        }
​
        location /upload {
                proxy_pass http://upload_pools;
                proxy_set_header host $host;
                proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
        }
}
​
[root@proxy ~]# nginx -t
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
[root@proxy ~]# nginx -s reload

注意：这里location的写法，这里的主要难点就在这。例如：如果站点目录写 root /nginx/ststic; 那最后访问 http://www.nginx.com/static/ 时转发路径就为http://www.nginx.com/static/static。所以写/nginx就行了

2.3 客户端测试访问

[root@client ~]# echo '192.168.110.31 www.nginx.com' >> /etc/hosts
[root@client ~]# curl http://www.nginx.com
This is default page IP=192.168.110.33 
[root@client ~]# curl http://www.nginx.com/static/
This is static page IP=192.168.110.32 
[root@client ~]# curl http://www.nginx.com/upload/
This is upload page IP=192.168.110.34

2.4 查看各节点访问日志

[root@static ~]# tail -1 /var/log/nginx/access.log
192.168.110.31 - - [21/Apr/2024:17:07:34 +0800] "GET /static/ HTTP/1.0" 200 39 "-" "curl/7.61.1" "192.168.110.35"
​
[root@default ~]# tail -1 /var/log/nginx/access.log
192.168.110.31 - - [21/Apr/2024:17:07:32 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 40 "-" "curl/7.61.1" "192.168.110.35"
​
[root@upload ~]# tail -1 /var/log/nginx/access.log
192.168.110.31 - - [21/Apr/2024:17:07:36 +0800] "GET /upload/ HTTP/1.0" 200 39 "-" "curl/7.61.1" "192.168.110.35"

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