PyQt5 GUI 开发的基础知识

2025-07-27 09:26:54 作者：吐吐搬砖

Qt是一个跨平台的C++图形用户界面开发框架,支持GUI和非GUI程序开发,本文介绍了使用PyQt5进行界面开发的基础知识,包括创建简单窗口、常用控件、窗口属性设置以及三种布局方式,感兴趣的可以了解一下

简介

QT的全称是"Qt Toolkit"，是一个跨平台的C++图形用户界面应用程序开发框架。
Qt（发音为"cute"）是一个由Qt Company开发的跨平台应用程序开发框架，最初由挪威公司Trolltech于1991年创建。它主要用于开发图形用户界面（GUI）应用程序，但也支持非GUI程序的开发，如控制台工具和服务器。‌‌

第一个PyQt程序

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = QWidget()
    w.setWindowTitle("Hello World")    # 设置窗口标题
    w.show()                           # 展示窗口
    app.exec_()                        # 程序进行循环等待状态

最常用的三个功能模块

QtCore、QtGui、QtWidgets

控件QPushButton（按钮）

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QPushButton

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = QWidget()
    w.setWindowTitle("Hello World")    # 设置窗口标题
	btn = QPushButton("按钮")          # 在窗口里面添加控件-QPushButton
    btn.setParent(w)                   
    w.show()                           # 展示窗口
    app.exec_()                        # 程序进行循环等待状态

控件QLable（纯文本）

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QLabel

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = QWidget()
    w.setWindowTitle("Hello World")    # 设置窗口标题
	# lab = QLabel("账号: ", w)         # 简写方式
	lab = QLabel("账号: ")
    lab.setParent(w)
	lab.setGeometry(20, 20, 300, 300)
    w.show()                           # 展示窗口
    app.exec_()                        # 程序进行循环等待状态

控件QLineEdit（文本框）

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QLineEdit

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = QWidget()
    w.setWindowTitle("Hello World")    # 设置窗口标题
	edit = QLineEdit(w)
    edit.setPlaceholderText("请输入账号")
    edit.setGeometry(50, 20, 200, 20)
    w.show()                           # 展示窗口
    app.exec_()                        # 程序进行循环等待状态

调整窗口的大小和位置

w=QWidget()
w.resize(300, 300)    # 设置窗口大小
w.move(0, 0)          # 移动窗口

desktop = QDesktopWidget()
center_point = desktop.availableGeometry().center()
x = center_point.x()
y = center_point.y()

print(w.frameGeometry())
print(w.frameGeometry().getRect())
old_x, old_y, fg_w, fg_h = w.frameGeometry().getRect()

设置窗口的图标

w = QWidget()
w.setWindowTitle("Hello World")
icon = QIcon("windows_icon.png")
w.setWindowIcon(icon)

布局-QBoxLayout

垂直布局-QVBoxLayout

import sys
from PyQt5.QtGui import QIcon
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QWidget, QPushButton, QVBoxLayout

class MyWindow(QWidget):
    """"""
    
    def __init__(self):
        """"""
        super().__init__()
		self.setWindowTitle("垂直布局")
        self.icon = QIcon("windows_icon.png")
        self.setWindowIcon(self.icon)
        self.resize(500, 400)
		self.layout = QVBoxLayout()
        self.button_layout()
        self.setLayout(self.layout)
        
	def button_layout(self):
        """"""
        btn1 = QPushButton("按钮1")
		self.layout.addWidget(btn1)
        btn2 = QPushButton("按钮2")
        self.layout.addWidget(btn2)
		btn3 = QPushButton("按钮3")
        self.layout.addWidget(btn3)
        self.layout.addStretch()
        
if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
	w = MyWindow()
    w.show()
    app.exec_()

水平布局-QHBoxLayout

""""""

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (
    QApplication,
    QWidget,
    QRadioButton,
    QVBoxLayout,
    QHBoxLayout,
    QGroupBox,
)

class MyWindow(QWidget):
    """"""

    def __init__(self):
        """"""
        super().__init__()
        self.setWindowTitle("Hello World")
        self.setup()

    def setup(self):
        """"""
        hobby_box = self.generate_hobby_group_box()
        gender_box = self.generate_gender_group_box()
        container = QVBoxLayout()
        container.addWidget(hobby_box)
        container.addWidget(gender_box)
        self.setLayout(container)

    @staticmethod
    def generate_hobby_group_box():
        """"""
        hobby_box = QGroupBox("爱好")
        hobby_layout = QVBoxLayout()
        btn1 = QRadioButton("抽烟")
        btn2 = QRadioButton("打牌")
        hobby_layout.addWidget(btn1)
        hobby_layout.addWidget(btn2)
        hobby_box.setLayout(hobby_layout)

        return hobby_box

    @staticmethod
    def generate_gender_group_box():
        """"""
        gender_box = QGroupBox("性别")
        gender_layout = QHBoxLayout()
        btn1 = QRadioButton("男")
        btn2 = QRadioButton("女")
        gender_layout.addWidget(btn1)
        gender_layout.addWidget(btn2)
        gender_box.setLayout(gender_layout)

        return gender_box

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = MyWindow()
    w.show()
    app.exec_()

布局-QGridLayout

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (
	QApplication,
	QWidget,
	QLineEdit,
	QVBoxLayout,
	QGridLayout,
	QPushButton,
)

class MyWindow(QWidget):
    """"""

    def __init__(self):
        """"""
        super().__init__()
        self.setup()

    def setup(self):
        """"""
        self.setWindowTitle("计算器")

        edit = QLineEdit()
        edit.setPlaceholderText("请输入内容")
        edit.setParent(self)

        grid_layout = self.generate_grid_layout()

        container = QVBoxLayout()
        container.addWidget(edit)
        container.addLayout(grid_layout)

        self.setLayout(container)

    @staticmethod
    def generate_grid_layout():
        """"""
        data = {
            0: ["%", "CE", "C", "<-"],
            1: ["7", "8", "9", "/"],
            2: ["4", "5", "6", "x"],
            3: ["1", "2", "3", "-"],
            4: ["0", ".", "=", "+"],
        }

        grid_layout = QGridLayout()
        for row, row_values in data.items():
            for col, value in enumerate(row_values):
                btn = QPushButton(value)
                grid_layout.addWidget(btn, row, col)

        return grid_layout

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = MyWindow()
    w.show()
    app.exec_()

布局-QFormLayout

import sys
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (
	QApplication,
	QWidget,
	QVBoxLayout,
	QFormLayout,
	QPushButton,
	QLineEdit,
	QLabel,
)

class MyWindow(QWidget):
    """"""

    def __init__(self):
        """"""
        super().__init__()
        self.setWindowTitle("Hello World")

        form_layout = QFormLayout()
        lab1 = QLabel("账号")
        edit1 = QLineEdit()
        edit1.setPlaceholderText("请输入账号")
        lab2 = QLabel("密码")
        edit2 = QLineEdit()
        edit2.setPlaceholderText("请输入密码")
        form_layout.addRow(lab1, edit1)
        form_layout.addRow(lab2, edit2)

        btn = QPushButton("登录")

        container = QVBoxLayout()
        container.addLayout(form_layout)
        container.addWidget(btn)

        self.setLayout(container)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QApplication(sys.argv)
    w = MyWindow()
    w.show()
    app.exec_()

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