C++ Primer Plus详解
作者:灿烂千阳 群山回唱
1.各种数据类型的长度
int main(void) { using namespace std; int n(3); // C++还可以这么赋值 int m{6}; int f = {8}; int n_int = INT_MAX; //声明变量同时赋值=初始化 short n_short = SHRT_MAX; long n_long = LONG_MAX; long long n_llong = LLONG_MAX; cout << "n = " << n << endl; cout << "m = " << m << endl; cout << "f = " << f << endl; cout << "int is " << sizeof(int) << " bytes." << endl; // sizeof是运算符不是clmits中的函数.INT_MAX是 cout << "short is " << sizeof n_short << " bytes." << endl; //函数必须带括号,sizeof(运算符)在这里可以不跟括号,但查看数据类型必须加括号 cout << "long is " << sizeof n_long << " bytes." << endl; cout << "long long is " << sizeof n_llong << " bytes." << endl; cout << "Maximum values: " << endl; cout << "int: " << n_int << endl; cout << "short: " << n_short << endl; cout << "long: " << n_long << endl; cout << "long long: " << n_llong << endl; return 0; }
2. 无符号数据类型及cout进制显示
2.1 无符号数据类型及溢出
#include <iostream> #include <climits> //可以查看数据类型最大值最小值 int main(void) { using namespace std; short sam = SHRT_MAX; //-32768-32767 (16位) longlong > long(至少32位)> int > short(至少16位) unsigned short sue = sam; // 0-65535 cout << "sam has " << sam << " dolloars and sue has " << sue << " dolloars" << endl; cout << "Add 1 dolloars to each account" << endl; sam = sam + 1; sue = sue + 1; cout << "Now sam has " << sam << " dolloars and sue has " << sue << " dolloars" << endl; sam = 0; sue = 0; sam = sam - 1; sue = sue - 1; cout << "Now sam has " << sam << " dolloars and sue has " << sue << " dolloars" << endl; return 0; }
2.2 cout十六进制显示
#include <iostream> int main(void) { using namespace std; int cheat = 42; //十进制 int waist = 0x42; //十六进制 int inseam = 042; //八进制 cout << hex; //修改cout显示整数的方式 cout << "cheat = " << cheat << " 42 (in decimal)" << endl; cout << "waist = " << waist << " 0x42 (in hexadicimal)" << endl; cout << "inseam = " << inseam << " 042 (in octal)" << endl; // cout默认以十进制显示整数 return 0; }
2.3 cout 八进制十进制十六进制显示
#include <iostream> int main(void) { using namespace std; int cheat = 42; int waist = 0x42; int inseam = 042; cout << "cheat = " << cheat << " 42 (in decimal)" << endl; // cout默认十进制显示 cout << hex; //修改cout为十六进制显示 cout << "waist = " << waist << " 0x42 (in hexadicimal)" << endl; cout << oct; //修改cout为八进制显示 cout << "inseam = " << inseam << " 042 (in octal)" << endl; return 0; }
3.char、ASCII、\n
3.1 char类型
#include <iostream> int main(void) { using namespace std; char ch; cout << "Enter a character:" << endl; cin >> ch; //cin将键盘输入的M转换为77 cout << "Hello, thanks you for the " << ch << " character." << endl; //cout将77转换为M,cin和cout的行为由变量类型引导 return 0; }
3.2 ASCII与char、cout.put()
#include <iostream> int main() { using namespace std; char ch = 'M'; int i = ch; cout << "The ASCII code for " << ch << " is " << i << endl; cout << "Add one to the character code:" << endl; ch = ch + 1; //显示下一个字符 i = ch; cout << "The ASCII code for " << ch << " is " << i << endl; cout << "Displaying char ch using cout.put(ch)" << endl; // iostream类(数据以及操作数据的方法)的对象cin、cout 矩形(对象)平移(方法) cout.put(ch); //用对象访问类里面的操作方法(函数)、 cout.put('!'); cout.put('A'); cout << "Done" << endl; return 0; }
cin与cout的行为由变量引导
3.3 转义字符换行
#include <iostream> int main(void) { using namespace std; int n = 10; cout << "Hello world!" << endl; cout << "Good morning!\n";//使用转义字符换行,显示字符串这种方法简单一点,\n是一个字符哦(换行符) cout << "What's your name?" << '\n'; cout << "What's your name?" << "\n"; cout << "n = " << n << endl; cout << "n = " << n << "\n"; return 0; }
4.const
#include <iostream> int main() { using namespace std; const int toes = 10; //必须在声明时赋值(之后不准修改)(对const初始化) /*const int toes; toes = 10;这种是错误的*/ return 0; }
5.浮点数(整数部分+小数部分)
#include <iostream> int main() { using namespace std; cout.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield); float tub = 10.0 / 3.0; const float million = 1.0E6; cout << "tub = " << tub << endl; // cout默认输出小数点后六位 cout << "A million tubs = " << million * tub << endl; // float精度达不到 cout << "Ten million tubs = " << 10 * million * tub << endl; // float精度达不到 double mint = 10.0 / 3.0; cout << "A million mint = " << million * mint << endl; cout << "Ten million mint = " << 10 * million * mint << endl; // double精度比float高 return 0; }
6. 比较大的浮点数
#include <iostream> int main() { using namespace std; float a = 2.34E22; // 2.34e/E+22 2.34*10^22 float b = a + 1.0; cout << "a = " << a << endl; cout << "b = " << b << endl; //a = b cout << "b - a = " << b - a << endl; // float位数只有前六位或前七位有效 return 0; }
7.float与double的精度
float单精度 至少32位 double双精度 至少48位
浮点数在内存中如何存储的? int 类型 5 以0101二进制存储这个好理解
float 8.25 单精度 内存中32位(bit) double 64位 计算机存浮点数都是以科学计数法的方式存储的 IEEE标准
8.25 科学计数法 8.25 * 10^0 112.5 科学计数法 1.125 * 10^2 十进制的科学计数法 但是计算机只认识二进制的科学计数法
8.25 二进制的科学计数法(分成整数部分(倒序)+小数部分(正序)) 1000.01 转换为科学计数法 为1.00001*2^3
50.25 整数部分(32+16+2) 110010.01 任何一个浮点数二进制科学计数法为 1.?????*2^x 整数部分一定为1
符号占1bit 正数为 0,负数为 1; 1.00001*2^3 指数3表示小数点右移
0 - 255 中间127 0-126(负次幂) 127-255(代表正次幂)
8.25在内存中的表示: 符号位0 8位指数位 为127+3=130(3次幂) 130 -- 10000010 0(符号位) 10000010(指数位) 00001(小数位,23位) 000000000000000000(18个0)
整数部分1位,小数部分23位,共24位(二进制) 4位对应一个十进制的数 24/4=6 对应十进制有效位6位 二进制32位 课本56页
double类型: 十进制13(52/4)位有效位 二进制64位 符号位1 指数位11 小数位 52
11.17 二进制 1011.001010111100001........(小数部分很难取整,无限长 ) 而float最多表示32位小数部分, 二进制超过32位就不对了,十进制超过6位就不对了
26.0在内存中如何存储的? 0100000110100000............
11010.00000000............
1.10100.......0 * 2 ^ 4
符号位:0 指数位:127 + 4 = 131 二进制:10000011 小数位:010000000000...........
0.75 二进制 0.110000.............
1.10*(2^-1)
符号位:0 指数位:127 + (-1) = 126 二进制:01111110 小数位:1000000000...........
-2.5 二进制 10.1
-1.01*2^1
符号位:1 指数位:127 + 1 = 128 二进制:10000000 小数位:0100000000...........
8.float的误差
/* * @Description: * @Date: 2022-02-14 13:25:40 * @LastEditTime: 2022-02-14 13:56:58 * @FilePath: \C++\第三章\class6\6_1.cpp */ // 26.0在内存中如何存储的? 11010.00000000............ 1.10100.......0 * 2 ^ 4 符号位:0 指数位:127 + 4 = 131 二进制:10000011 小数位:010000000000........... #include <iostream> int main(void) { using namespace std; float hats, heads; cout.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield); //可以强制打印小数点后六位(没办法四舍五入),去掉这一句就可以四舍五入,输出61.42000000.......0可以不显示 cout << "Enter a number: "; // 50.25 cin >> hats; cout << "Enter another number: "; // 11.17 cin >> heads; cout << "hats = " << hats << " heads = " << heads << endl; cout << "hats + heads = " << hats + heads << endl; // 61.42 的小数部分 0.42 二进制01101...........无限,但是float二进制小数部分只有23位有效,十进制六位61.4199(近似有效) cout << "hats - heads = " << hats - heads << endl; cout << "hats * heads = " << hats * heads << endl; cout << "hats / heads = " << hats / heads << endl; // folat精度不够,二进制只能显示小数点后23位,所以不准,去掉setf()可四舍五入 return 0; }
注视掉 cout.setf()
解决办法:用double 可显示二进制小数点后53位,十进制13位,我们用setf()显示6位显然也是准确的
9.乘除法
#include <iostream> int main(void) { using namespace std; cout.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield); //显示小数点后六位 cout << "Integer division : 9/5 = " << 9 / 5 << endl; //整数相除结果取出整数部分 cout << "Float division : 9.0/5.0 = " << 9.0 / 5.0 << endl; cout << "Mixed division : 9.0/5 = " << 9.0 / 5 << endl; //混合类型 cout << "Mixed division : 9/5.0 = " << 9 / 5.0 << endl; //混合类型 浮点型精度高于整型,提升精度为浮点型 cout << "Double division : 1e7 / 9.0 = " << 1e7 / 9.0 << endl; //都当成double类型来处理(精度高) 一般定义浮点数用double,编译器默认当成double处理,除非你强制float cout << "FLoat constance division : 1e7f / 9.0f = " << 1e7f / 9.0f << endl; //都当成float类型来处理 return 0; }
10.求模运算符
#include <iostream> int main(void) { using namespace std; const int pounds_per_stone = 14; //声明整型类型常量 14榜(pounds)=1英石(stone) cout << "Enter your weight in pounds: "; int lbs; cin >> lbs; int stone = lbs / pounds_per_stone; int pounds = lbs % pounds_per_stone; cout << lbs << "pounds = " << stone << " stone, " << pounds << " pounds." << endl; return 0; }
11.数值转换
#include <iostream> int main(void) { using namespace std; cout.setf(ios_base::fixed, ios_base::floatfield); float tree = 3; int guess(3.9832); // C++特有赋值方式,这里取出小数的整数部分 int debt = 6.2E22; //超过了整型的取值范围,结果不确定,对于int(32位 -2^31---2^31-1)太大了 cout << "tree = " << tree << endl; cout << "guess = " << guess << endl; cout << "debt = " << debt << endl; return 0; }
12.强制类型转换
#include <iostream> int main(void) { using namespace std; int auks, bats, coots; auks = 19.99 + 11.99; //计算机用double类型相加计算再转换为整型,结果取整=31 bats = (int)19.99 + (int)11.99; // C语言格式 coots = int(19.99) + int(11.99); // C++语言格式 cout << "auks = " << auks << endl; cout << "bats = " << auks << endl; cout << "coots = " << auks << endl; char ch = 'Z'; cout << "The code for " << ch << " is " << int(ch) << endl; cout << static_cast<int>(ch) << endl; //强制类型转换 return 0; }
总结
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